The following post was initially intended as an addendum for the article:

Antartica: Secrets of the Lost Continent of Atlantis.

Yet it quickly became apparent that the research warranted an investigation in its own right. Particularly with the constant reader in mind who may have read the aforementioned article, thinking there was little reason to revisit.

Therefore, apologies are extended to the new reader for the abrupt beginning to an article originally planned as an addendum.

Atlantis is reputed to have been a circle no less – a series of concentric circles.

Just like Earth would be if it was flat and encompassed by an outer wall encircling the world. Of course the thought arises, what if the antediluvian Earth comprised not just one continent Pangaea as previously investigated (refer Chapter XXII Alpha & Omega), but that it was actually Atlantis?

Comprising the whole civilisation of the Earth and it was this society which sunk in the Flood, only to resurface in the post-flood age. Later splitting into the continents we are accustomed to today – Chapter XXII Alpha & Omega; and article: The Younger Dryas Stadial: Ending of the Earth… Beginning of the World.

Well, let’s leave that thought here for now as a potential rewrite of the entire article on Antartica and Atlantis will have to wait for another day.

This writer as a great number of people has been guilty in not giving the Flat Earth Theory a fairer hearing, or in researching the subject fully to a clear conclusion. Much like this writer’s surprise in learning the truth about nuclear weapons – Article: Nuclear Nefariousness.

What persuaded this writer to give the subject further consideration were two things.

First, the very real passion displayed by those who in the face of great derision (see following quote), maintain a vehement (and sometimes needed humorous) advocacy for a flat Earth and second; the shocking realisation how the Old Testament reveals unbelievably, just such a thing… a flat Earth.

Before studying the scriptural evidence it is worth noting that testimony from people from all branches of the armed forces including crucially pilots and engineers have all said the same thing. Their stories reveal that there’s something wrong.

the Earth doesn’t appear to have a curve to it

the Earth is not spinning

the map’s of the Earth are wrong


The following quotes (capitalisation theirs) were on the same thread regarding the Flat Earth Theory. They couldn’t be more different or diametrically opposed to one another and yet this seems to be par for the course. One or the other stance are held by people with not much middle ground.

*Warning: use of profanity in the first quotation.*

Noah B Wilson:

“Normally I see something stupid on the internet and go “… that’s stupid. Moving on.” But this… I had to step back and go “What in the actual fuck?” How stupid can people be? How simply moronic and mind-bogglingly idiotic can someone get? How badly does someone need medication? For anyone… ANYONE to think the Earth is flat… they clearly have to have a screw loose. The levels of paranoia have to be so high that they probably sleep under tin-foil bedsheets.”

Vince Dees:

“I have to agree the vitriol exhibited by most of the commentators here only arouses my suspicions. I have taught college philosophy for 22 years and I was always put off by the smugness of first year students. They believed that they had ALL OF THE ANSWERS at the age of 18. Their close-mindedness was their undoing. We live in an era THAT GENERATES SUSPICION. I am not committed to Flat Earth Theory but I do find it vastly interesting and somehow desirable. KEEP AN OPEN MIND and go where the truth takes you.”

Here is one side thinking how could a person be so incredibly obtuse and gullible? Whereas the other side is thinking why can’t people accept the evidence they consider is clearly before them. Never the twain should meet on this subject if there ever was one and never has there been such a divide on a matter as that of a round Earth versus a flat one. Even someone close to this writer who thinks alike on most issues, was very quick to dismiss the subject of a flat Earth in having real merit.

Now, what does the Bible really say on the shape of the place we call both Earth and home.

In Matthew chapter four, the Adversary tempts Jesus three times in seeking to trip up the Messiah, destroying his credentials as the sacrificial Lamb for the world. In the third attempt Christ is taken to a very high point and shown all the kingdoms of the Earth.

Matthew 4:8-9
New King James Version

‘… the devil took Him up on an exceedingly [G3029 – lian: (beyond measure) great, chiefest] high [G5308 – hupselos: lofty, exalted (on high), esteemed] mountain [G3735 – oros: hill (to rise or rear)], and showed Him all the kingdoms of the world and their glory. And he said to Him, “All these things I will give You if You will fall down and worship me.”

While it is possible that Satan literally took Jesus (by UFO – Psalm 68:17; Ezekiel 1:4-21) to a very high point (greater than a physical mountain), above the world in outer space perhaps observing from the North Pole Star (refer article: The Pyramid Perplexity), it is more plausible it was performed through a vision considering Christ had been fasting for forty days and was weak from hunger – Matthew 4:2.

To see all the kingdoms of the world would indicate it was far higher than a physical mountain. As Satan is described as formerly having a place on the holy mountain of God – Ezekiel 28:14,16.

And so, for one to see all the peoples in the world it would necessitate a flat Earth rather than an orb, where the southern hemisphere – South America, Africa and South East Asia – would not be visible.

While we are taught that the Earth spins at one thousand miles per hour and takes three hundred and sixty-five days to complete an orbit around the Sun; it is (in the very least) the first ‘fact’ which is blatantly untrue; according to the author of Psalm chapter one hundred and four – King David.

Psalm 104:5
English Standard Version

‘He set [H3245 – yacad: laid, fix, establish, found] the earth on its foundations [H4349 – makown: fixed (in place), established, settled], so that it should never be moved [H4131 – mowt].’

The Hebrew word for moved means: ‘totter, shake, slip, overthrow, dislodge, let fall, drop’.

Strongs: ‘… to waver; by implication, to slip, shake, fall: – be carried, cast, be out of course, be fallen in decay… fall(-ing down), be (re-) moved… slide…’

While it could be argued that this verse means a ball-like Earth would adhere to its orbit around the Sun and not drift off course based on the Hebrew word mowt; the Hebrew word makown does not lend itself so easily to this interpretation. A spinning, wobbling Earth is neither fixed in place or settled.

If the Earth has foundations, does that mean there is anything underneath them?

Paul seemed to think so.

Philippians 2:10
English Standard Version

‘… so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth [G2709 – katachthonios: subterranean]…’

The meaning of the Greek infers under the Earth is ‘infernal (belonging to the world of departed spirits).’

This is the same place where the sinning Watcher angels were placed (Jude 6, 2 Peter 2:4, Revelation 9:1, 11) – refer article: Heaven & Hell.

The idea of a fixed Earth is first mentioned in Chronicles.

1 Chronicles 16:30
English Standard Version

‘… tremble before him, all the earth; yes, the world is established [H3559 – kuwn: firm, stable, fixed, secure, enduring, determined, settled, fastened]; it shall never be moved.’

The thought comes to mind, why would the Earth need to be settled in one place fit for habitation? Why would the Earth not move (spin)?

The answer is in the Book of Genesis.

Genesis 1:7-10
English Standard Version

‘… God made the expanse and separated the waters… under the expanse [H7549 – Raqiya: firmament, extended surface (solid)] from the waters that were above the expanse… And God called the expanse Heaven [sky, atmosphere]…

And God said, “Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear”… God called the dry land Earth, and the waters that were gathered together he called Seas…’

The Hebrew word raqiya according to Strong’s means:

an ‘expanse (flat as base, support)’; a ‘firmament (of vault of heaven supporting waters above)’ and ‘considered by Hebrews as solid and supporting ‘waters’ above.’

The word vault is interesting for it can mean:

‘an arched structure, forming a ceiling or roof over a… wholly or partially enclosed construction… something likened to an arched roof… the vault of heaven.’

This sounds remarkably like a dome.

The Book of Job adds intriguing detail.

Job 37:18
King James Version

‘Hast thou with him spread out the sky, which is strong [H2389 – chazaq: mighty, powerful, firm, hard], and as a molten [H3332 – yatsaq: to pour, to cast, to flow, melt, grow hard] looking glass [H7209 – rei: mirror]?’

The same verse in other translations is rather revealing.

YLT: ‘Thou hast made an expanse with Him For the clouds – strong as a hard mirror!

MSG: So how could you even dream of making a dent in that hot-tin-roof sky?

The expanse of the sky and atmosphere – the firmament – is ‘hard’, ‘strong’ and ‘firm’. Why would the roof over our heads require being hard, yet not transparent like glass but reflective as a mirror.

The obvious answer is because our atmosphere is enclosed and not open ended (or never ending) as assumed. If this is the case, then a dome by virtue of its shape naturally sits on a circular base. In this instance then, this would indicate a circular Earth which according to the laws of physics would need to be flat.

Therefore in the passage recorded in Genesis chapter one, the word firmament or expanse could be substituted by the word dome. Thus a dome separates the waters above from the waters below.

American Flat Earth Society President, John Davis:

“From what I understand from your book The Sky Is The Limit, you lean in from the religious side of things and much of your paradigm speaks to this including a dome – much like Samuel Shenton’s.

Could you speak a little [about] your model and the role of the conspiracy within it?”

Mark Sargent – emphasis mine:

“… I do think it’s a dome. I don’t necessarily follow the religious side just to say its a dome, but it doesn’t hurt that all religions – the big five religions – talk about that [it’s] an enclosed system.

Which is why I didn’t call my main website Flat Earth Clues, or FlatEarth.com – I called it enclosed world.com.

Wernher Von Braun, when he died his headstone – which was very modest considering he was the father of NASA and the rocket… unless you count Jack Parsons, had the year of his birth, the year of his death, and then Psalms 19:1 and I had to look that up… and it says ‘and the firmament shows his handy work.’

Why would the father of NASA be talking about an enclosed system with a dome over it. I think that’s very very interesting.

Of course you’d want an enclosed system, because you are going to want to use the dome to fake the stars and planets and everything that’s up there – no different from a planetarium.

You want to know what the model looks like? Go to your average planetarium in any major city. Look outside, go inside, and look at what you are looking at inside – they are very very similar. That’s the argument that I put forward to people. I go, okay. You’re in a planetarium and you see Mars and Jupiter, and all… [the planets and stars], then you walk outside the planetarium – How do you not know you are just not inside a bigger planetarium?

How do you know?

All the globalists come to the same – “Well NASA told us.” Really? The American Space program? the ones that said they went to the moon and then no one else went to the moon after that? Those guys? The Americans would never lie about anything.”

This raises an interesting question – aside from whether the Moon landings actually occurred or not – is whether the Moon is inside or outside the dome. If outside, then men landing on the Moon most certainly did not happen.

Photograph of the first man on the Moon, astronaut Neil Armstrong, July 20, 1969.

This photo snapped by Buzz Aldrin reminds of those puzzle pictures where you have two side by side and a person has to find the errors in one of them that don’t match the original and circle them. The uneasy amalgamation of the Earth, the American flag, the Moon and Armstrong himself, all look comically, hastily and amateurishly framed together.

For a discussion on the Earth’s environment in the antediluvian age beneath the canopy of the firmament (dome), please refer Chapter XXII Alpha & Omega.

If we are living under a great dome, then the fear of the ‘sky falling on our heads’ could be a valid one; as made famous by the village chief Vitalstatistix (in the comic series Asterix the Gaul) who repeatedly declares that his only fear is that the sky may fall on their heads tomorrow – “but not today.”

The concept of a captivating dome (of imprisonment) – albeit over the town of Chester’s Mill in Maine – was brought to life by writer Stephen King in the 2009 novel, Under the Dome.

The year 2009 is coincidentally an important year in the history of the Flat Earth Society which was officially relaunched the same year.

A pivotal distinction on the shape of the Earth is made by the prophet Isaiah.

Isaiah 40:22
English Standard Version

‘It is he who sits above the circle [H2329 – Chuwg: circuit, compass, vault (of the heavens)] of the earth, and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers; who stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them like a tent to dwell in…’

This is a game changing verse for all those who teach the Earth is round like a ball, sphere, orb or globe.

The Creator sits above the Earth which is round like a circle, though not round as in a ball.

The Hebrew word for something which is three dimensionally round and not merely a two dimensional flat circle is used in the verse below, also recorded in the Book of Isaiah. Therefore, Isaiah understood the difference between the two words and what each one means.

Isaiah 22:18
English Standard Version

‘… and whirl you around and around, and throw you like a ball [H1754 – duwr] into a wide land…’

Though the Hebrew word duwr can mean a ‘pile’ or a ‘circle’ it is translated in the King James Version of the bible once as ‘burn’ (Ezekiel 24:5); once as ‘round about’ (Isaiah 29:3); and once as ‘ball’ (as above).

John Davis – emphasis mine:

‘Let us remove an obvious point of confusion and simply state that we talk about flat in a broad manner – we are not discussing mountains or valleys here. In similar fashion, we are not making the ludicrous claim that the Earth is two dimensional.

What we do say is that it can be transversed via a straight line through space. We would also like to say that all such traversals are straight or can be seen as straight. It can be said to satisfy this if it can be shown to be parallel to another straight line in space along all such traversals.

The effect of viewing the earth and it appearing round is known as the Ferrari Effect, based off of former Canadian Flat Earth Society President Leo Ferrari who first predicted this. While not a true flatist, he was a free-thinker and his unique way of thinking helped us realize this.

Any honest judge will begrudgingly have to admit that… the flat earth theory directly follows from our laws of motion and coherence with relativity. Even worse is the realization that we would have been lead to relativity sooner if not for our strict faith-like belief in a round earth.’

Constant readers will recall the underlying circular theme throughout ancient history in a number of our investigations; from small artefacts to planets and stars – Article: Monoliths of the Nephilim.

We noted the circle similarity of Atlantis with Hyperborea and in turn with Stonehenge and crop circles – Chapter XXII Alpha & Omega; and article: Stonehenge.

The depictions of Atlantis are uncannily mirrored by the original layout for Stonehenge. As are the illustrations of Atlantis which remind of depictions of a flat Earth.

Added to this is the coincidence of alleged UFOs usually being saucer shaped and often comprising a domed cockpit above a circular disc.

Thus the link between Atlantis actually being a system – bigger than a city-state or even an island-continent – which encompassed the whole Earth (Pangaea) and sunk in the flood cataclysm is not so unbelievable when we consider the following fascinating verses recorded in the Book 0f Job.

Job 38:13-14
English Standard Version

‘… that it might take hold of the skirts [H3671 – kanaph: wing, extremity, edge, border, corner, end] of the earth, and the wicked be shaken out of it?

It is changed [H2015 – haphak: turn, overthrow, overturn, upturn, transform, convert], like clay [cement, mortar] under the seal [H2326 – chowtham: seal, signet, signature ring], and its features stand out like a garment.’

Verse thirteen is translated more clearly in a number of alternative translations.

1599 GB: ‘That it might take hold of the corners of the earth…’

ASV: ‘That it might take hold of the ends of the earth…’

NCV: ‘… in order to take hold of the earth by its edges…’

These definitions are difficult to align with a round Earth with no corners, ends or edges. Whereas a circular Earth may not have definable corners per se; it does have an end (circumference) and certainly possesses edges. Think of a pizza, one with a thick crust.


Verse fourteen in different translations.

ISV: ‘Like clay is molded by a signet ring.’


The Voice: ‘Under dawn’s early light the earth takes shape as does clay when a seal is firmly pressed in it…’

To appreciate the context of Job chapter thirty-eight, the Eternal is speaking with his servant Job following the vicissitudes which had befallen him, so he could see self-righteousness in himself and acknowledge the power of the Creator appreciably more – Article: Job.

The Eternal is describing the Earth. One would like to think He knows His own creation. Otherwise, it’s time for every believer to put down their Bibles, pack up their belongings and escape out of Dodge.

Therefore… if we are to accept the words written before us, the Eternal is describing the Earth in looking like a signet. A signet being a small seal, invariably in the form of a ring used to authenticate documents by leaving an impression in sealing wax. This technique has been used for thousands of years to mark possessions and sign contracts.

This particular conversation involving the Eternal and Job took place in 1586 BCE when Job was seventy years old. Thus at this point in the ancient world, even the Eternal was cognisant of a clay seal and its appropriate use as a metaphor for the shape of the Earth.

Go figure.

Flat Earth Society:

As seen in the diagrams… the Earth is in the form of a disk with the North Pole in the center and Antarctica as a wall surrounding the known continents. This is the generally accepted model among members of the society. In this model, circumnavigation is performed by moving in a great circle around the North Pole.’

Wilbur Glenn Voliva’s Flat Earth map, Modern Mechanics and Invention, October 1931

‘The Earth is surrounded on all sides by an ice wall [150 feet high (46 m)] that holds the oceans back. This ice wall is what explorers have named Antarctica. Beyond the ice wall is a topic of great interest to the Flat Earth Society. To our knowledge, no one has been very far past the ice wall and returned to tell of their journey. What we do know is that it encircles the earth and serves to hold in our oceans and helps protect us from whatever lies beyond.’

Note, in this model, the Sun and Moon are each 32 miles (51 km) in diameter.

Wilbur Voliva (1870-1942) gained nationwide notoriety in the United States by his vigorous advocacy of the Flat Earth doctrine; where he offered a widely publicised $5,000 challenge for anyone to disprove the flat Earth theory. In 1923 Voliva became the first evangelical preacher in the world to own his own radio station, WCBD. Voliva spent his later life focusing on destroying the trinity of evils: modern astronomy, evolution and higher criticism.

Wilbur Voliva:

‘The idea of a sun millions of miles in diameter and 91,000,000 miles [146,000,000 km] away is silly. The sun is only 32 miles across and not more than 3,000 miles [4,800 km] from the earth. It stands to reason it must be so. God made the sun to light the earth, and therefore must have placed it close to the task it was designed to do. What would you think of a man who built a house in Zion [Illinois] and put the lamp to light it in Kenosha, Wisconsin?’

Flat Earth map drawn by Orlando Ferguson (1846-1911) in 1893. He believed the sun was 30 miles in diameter and also 3,000 miles away from Earth. Ferguson rejected the notion of gravity and instead believed that the effects of gravity were the result of atmospheric pressure.

Online Encyclopaedia – emphasis mine:

‘In 2020, it was reported that based on polling by Datafolha, 7% of Brazilians believed in a flat Earth. A 2018* YouGov [opinion] poll found that around 4% of the population of the United States believed in flat Earth… [and] “just 66% of millennials [Generation Y, 1981-1996] firmly believe” that Earth is round”… while the POLES 2021* Survey found around 10% of the United States population believed that Earth is flat. A 2019 YouGov survey found that around 3% of British people supported flat Earth.’

Prior to concluding with the profound meaning and repercussions of a world which could be an oval or rather ellipse shaped disc enclosed by a crystalline dome, let’s address the science involved in explaining seasons, the southern hemisphere (hemiplane), as well as a few other weather related aspects of the Earth, according to the Flat Earth Theory.

Though it is by no means an exhaustive list and the reader is encouraged in researching further the experiments, observations and theorems on the subject.

How are seasons supposed to work on a flat earth? Reddit, Ash under the stars:

‘Seasons only make sense on a flat earth model.

The sun and moon rotate opposite of each other and the closer they get they overlap…

The closer the sun gets to the North Pole (the center [of] earth) is why the sun is constant for days in those surrounding countries which wouldn’t work on a globe. As the sun moves back out towards the outer edges that’s why it is night for weeks in those countries surrounding the North Pole. It’s why its colder and why we have winter too. As it works [its] way toward the center again it gets warmer and becomes spring. Then again closer and becomes Summer and it moves its way back out and becomes fall and it repeats.

It’s also why if you take pictures of the moon everyday for months you can see it slightly move each night. Because it rotates [when] the sun “sets” it’s just at a distance where we can’t see it anymore.

If you really want to know… truly about flat earth that’s backed… [up by] science and not pseudoscience, watch “what on earth happened?” On YouTube. It’s an 8 hour documentary that will blow your mind.

I always made fun of flat earthers [till] I watched that and it shut me up pretty quick. Granted most flat earthers don’t know what… they are talking about because they do just as little research as those who believe in the heliocentric system.’

Anonymous – capitalisation theirs:

‘Seasons are very easy to explain on the flat map. It’s the heliocentric theory that really needs examining.

On the flat map, the sun is a source of heat and light that travels from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Tropic of Cancer throughout the year as we observe. When the sun makes its “rounds” within the Tropic of Capricorn, that becomes winter in the Southern Hemisphere and summer in the Northern Hemisphere. And the opposite when the sun is in the Tropic of Cancer. So the bottom line is, wherever the heat source is CLOSEST, it becomes the WARMEST.

Now that shouldn’t sound strange since you can take a lightbulb and move it close to your hand and you’ll feel the heat since it’s close by, right? And when you move the heat source AWAY your hand would feel COLDER, right?

Recap – heat source CLOSE = hotter.

Heat source FAR = colder.

According to the heliocentric theory, the globe revolves around the sun on an elliptical path every 365.2 days. The proximity of the sun and the globe range from 91,000,000 miles to 94,000,000 miles throughout the year. When the earth is CLOSEST to the sun at 91,000,000 miles, the Northern Hemisphere is COLDEST and becomes winter.  It would also become summer in the Southern Hemisphere.

When the spinning space ball is FURTHEST away at 94,000,000 miles, the Northern Hemisphere is the WARMEST and becomes summer. The opposite happens in the southern hemisphere since it is COLDER and becomes winter.

Recap – Heat source FAR = Hotter (in the Northern Hemisphere)

Heat Source Close = COLDER (in the Northern Hemisphere)

They say the space ball is tilted at all times in relation to the sun at 23.4 degrees so even though the sun is FURTHEST AWAY, it makes more surface contact with the sun which causes the seasons.

Even though the spinning space ball is an extra 3 MILLION miles FURTHER AWAY, it can STILL get WARMER than when it’s CLOSEST at 91,000,000 miles away.

So a slight tilt of the spinning space ball in relation to the sun can change the temperature in winter to summer by over 60 degrees Fahrenheit but a 3 million mile difference in proximity has no bearing?’

Flat Earth Society – emphasis mine:

How do you explain day/night cycles and seasons?

‘Day and night cycles are easily explained on a Flat Earth. The Sun moves in circles around the North Pole. When it is over your head, [its] day. When it’s not, it’s night. The light of the sun is confined to a limited area upon the Earth [creating the illusion of time zones].’

‘The picture below illustrates how the sun moves and also how seasons work on a Flat Earth. There are several potential theories for the apparent effect of the Sun’s rising and setting.’

‘When the sun is further away from the North Pole, it’s winter in the northern hemiplane (or hemisphere) and summer in the south [thus seasons result from the sun’s varying distances over the flat plane]. A more simplistic picture can be found below.’

How is there a magnetic field? Magnets can’t be unipolar.

‘While it’s true that unipolar magnets can’t exist, this isn’t a problem for the Flat Earth. This is because ring magnets, which are shaped like (you guessed it!) a flat disk, are capable of having radial magnetization. In a radial magnet, one magnetic pole is at the center and other is at all points on the edge of the magnet. A magnet like this can be found in loudspeakers, and perfectly replicates what is found on the Earth.’

If the planets are round, why isn’t the Earth?

‘Planets (from Ancient Greek ἀστὴρ πλανήτης [astēr planētēs, “wandering star”], or just πλανήτης [planḗtēs, “wanderer”]) are orbiting astronomical objects.

The Earth is not a planet by definition, as it sits at the centre of our solar system above which the planets and the Sun revolve.

The Earth’s uniqueness, fundamental differences and centrality makes any comparison to other nearby celestial bodies insufficient – Like comparing basketballs to the court on which they bounce.’

Why doesn’t gravity pull the Earth into a spherical shape?

‘The Earth isn’t pulled into a sphere because the force known as gravity exists in a greatly diminished form compared to what is commonly taught. The Earth is constantly accelerating up at a rate of 32 feet per second squared (or 9.8 meters per second squared). This constant acceleration causes what you think of as gravity. Imagine sitting in a car that never stops speeding up. You will be forever pushed into your seat. The Earth works much the same way. It is constantly accelerating upwards being pushed by a universal accelerator (UA) known as dark energy or aetheric wind.

There are also other theories of flat Earth thought that maintain that the Earth sits on an infinite plane, with the sun moving overhead. Gravity works much like it does in a round-Earth model, and the Earth will never form into a sphere because the plane is endless.’

In correlation a human body when free falling – hopefully when sky diving and not from an attempted suicide – accelerates towards the ground at approximately 32 feet per second squared due to ‘gravity’. This means that for every second of free fall, the speed increases by about 32 feet per second.

Objects cannot exceed the speed of light. Doesn’t this mean that the Earth can’t accelerate forever?

‘Due to special relativity, this is not the case. At this point, many readers will question the validity of any answer which uses advanced, intimidating-sounding physics terms to explain a position. However, it is true. The relevant equation is v/c = tanh (at/c). One will find that in this equation, tanh(at/c) can never exceed or equal 1. This means that velocity can never reach the speed of light, regardless of how long one accelerates for and the rate of the acceleration.’

Sunrise and Sunset

‘Sunrise and Sunset refers to the time of the day when the light of the Sun rises from or sets into the horizon. The Round Earth model describes sunset as a rotating spherical earth that obscures the Sun. The Flat Earth model describes sunset as the light of the Sun setting into the Flat Earth’ – Articles: The Calendar Conspiracy; and The Sabbath Secrecy.

Flat Earth Society:

‘In New York and England, Samuel Rowbotham [1816-1884] created the Zetetic Society.’

Encyclopaedia:

‘Modern flat Earth belief originated with the English writer Samuel Rowbotham… Based on conclusions derived from his 1838 Bedford Level Experiment, Rowbotham published the 1849 pamphlet titled Zetetic Astronomy, writing under the pseudonym “Parallax”. He later expanded this into the book Earth Not a Globe, proposing Earth is a flat disc centred at the North Pole and bounded along its southern edge by a wall of ice, Antartica.’

To be continued…

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