The following is an answer reproduced from Quora, to the question: Which countries will be major world powers in 2050?
This is a fascinating question and one of the best I have come across on Quora for reading through the many comments. I have learned a considerable amount; having been impressed with the depth of answers and insight shown.
In many ways I am maybe more curious to know how the geopolitical order will look not just in 2050 but in 2100, or even 2250…
In thinking about this question it seemed delving into the past was required to discern the future more knowledgeably. A study of the past powers, small and great, highlighted a couple of important points.
Firstly, though some countries as either regional or great powers wax and wane, there are those nations which have remained relatively constant as world powers, over the past five hundred years.
Secondly, even though a nation may have a large population, economic clout or a formidable military, they are not necessarily a threat to world peace. They have the form and substance of a power but it does not translate towards affecting the world’s stability.
A people or national identity that has a proclivity towards a policy of imperialism and militarism and is prepared to use their weaponry to achieve their aims on the other hand, is a major power in my view.
It is primarily from this perspective that I would like to focus, with regard to potential major world powers in 2050 and beyond.
Historically, it has taken many decades or centuries even, for a nation’s status to change. For instance, the United Kingdom has transitioned from the world’s dominant power in 1820 to a regional power in 2022. What is somewhat surprising and highlights the very gradual decline over two hundred years, is that Great Britain has moved from the world’s third largest economy in 1820, dropping to only the sixth largest in 2019.
We now live in an interconnected world which is far more precarious; one that seems to be close to a tipping point at any given moment financially and economically. It is impossible to calculate how quickly circumstances could change globally, let alone for individual nations.
A further factor, is how quickly nations can adapt to a fast paced changing world in the 21st Century and how much investment they spend on the cutting edge technologies that will have an immeasurable influence on the pecking order of the major world powers in the future. Three of these immensely important sectors include AI development, DNA research and Space exploration. The winners of these contests, will likely surge ahead of their rivals.
Before concentrating on the major powerful players in the world, past and present, let’s look initially at the minor powers of the past and today.
Both Portugal and the Netherlands are examples of minor powers who followed a different trajectory. Whereas the Netherlands still retains wealth and investment derived from its trading empire; Portugal does not reflect the wealth it once had, stemming from its colonial empire. One would not consider them powers today. Similarly with the nation of Austria, which through its network of royalty and monarchy descended from the Hapsburg family throughput Europe and particularly in Spain and the Low Countries, created an extensive empire wielding considerable influence. Even with the dissipation of most of the European Monarchies, Austria has retained a measure of wealth much like the Netherlands, yet with a parallel loss of status in power.
Spain, France and Great Britain are examples of once being major powers, who combined trade with an expansionist colonial policy. To protect their claims and possessions it necessitated becoming naval and military powers, as was the case for the Netherlands. Each still retains economic wealth, with the United Kingdom and France having descended into regional or minor powers. It is unlikely either could become major powers again, outside of the European Union at least. Nor have the French or English employed an overtly Imperialistic policy since. Each during their mutual ascendancies, they grew colonial empires, endeavouring to out do one another. Both old rivals, have settled into a grudgingly accepted draw.
A nation which doesn’t fit into a power stereotype is Italy. It is a relatively young nation, created in 1861, though it did pursue a colonial expansion principally in Africa and has also shown an imperialist motivation under Mussolini. Though, Italy’s national character does not appear to be predominantly thus focused and as a regional power, sits somewhere between Spain and France.
Today, there are a handful of nations that are regional powers which weren’t in the past. It would seem that each will grow in strength and stature; though it remains to be seen, which will become major powers.
Those nations include Brazil, Mexico, the Koreas, Indonesia, Iran and in part Turkey. The interesting exception in the list is Turkey, who has already been a major power in the past, in the guise of the Ottoman Empire.
There is a coded book which mentions these six nations – in fact all the peoples of the world either directly or indirectly – in both a historical and in a modern context. Like the saying: ‘the truth is stranger than fiction’, their futures can be determined. Credence in this coded book is ridiculed by many, for they do not understand it. Besides, any acknowledgement that its words are true would then lead to admitting one who is superior, had authored it. So from here on, it is not just my canny insight alone, but an accurate interpretation of its message, unforeseen prior to now.
Brazil will stand to become a major economic power on the world stage, and all the Latino-Hispano nations of the Americas, led by the regional power Mexico, will align with Brazil in an economic trading bloc. In large part to offset the dominance of the United States of America. Though Brazil may reach major power status, it will be as an economic giant and not entirely in a military sense. Saying that, both Brazil and Mexico will increase their military capability in accord with their growing economic stature and one day will not be reticent in using them.
Flag of Brazil
Indonesia, Iran and Turkey all have something in common and that is their Muslim faith. At a certain point, the primary Islamic nations will amalgamate into a unified body with a single voice and purpose. Nations such as Pakistan and Egypt also have prominent roles, with the aforementioned three nations. How many other Arab nations or Islamic nations, such as Bangladesh are part of this confederacy is not clear, though it will be a formidable military bloc and a series of wars will occur involving their alliance. Again, it is not clear who the leader will be, though the three nations of Turkey, Iran and Pakistan are clearly the dominant nucleus of nations. Turkey seems to be the main contender, when considering its imperialistic role in the past and its possessing the strongest and fastest growing economy amongst the Muslim nations, aside from Indonesia.
The indication is that like any artificial joining, for instance Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia or separation, for example East and West Germany and North and South Vietnam, eventually, no matter how unlikely, it will be undone. A reunified and far stronger Korea would be a fascinating scenario added to the already complex relationship amongst the northeastern Asian nations. Worryingly, it also appears that a future united Korea could favour a Chinese like political model and policy focus, as opposed to a Japanese one. This would also indicate that any future support for reunification, is lead by China or Russia and not the United States.
Just before we turn to the major powers of the past and today, there is one nation, that is always forgotten. In fact, I only saw it in one person’s comments, though there may be more mentions as I have not been able to read everyones answers yet. Ironically, this nation’s name in its original language means: forgotten. Yet this nation is in the top nations of the world for largest economies by GDP. It is a unique country and the only one in the world which has the following combination of factors, for not only does it have vast resources on a huge landmass; it most importantly, has the infrastructure and space to host a vast number of new immigrants, thereby exponentially increasing its population. As a result, this nations economic, political and military influence would expand, as the most important ally of the United States.
That nation is, Canada. Whether it will become a major power or just considerably stronger remains to be seen, though its closet parallel would be Brazil in this regard.
This now leaves the historical major powers over the past five hundred years, depending on how one ranks them: Japan, Germany, India, Russia, the United States and China. A helpful article by Wendell Cox, highlights the points raised earlier that a large population and GDP does not mean that particular nation wields global political, financial or military dominance. They can be a passive major power, or even dormant. What drives a nation to be an active major power is drawn from multiple variables and what makes this discussion interesting from a historical as well as a futuristic perspective. Also, a nation may become an active major power but only in a regional sense and not necessarily as a global presence.
500 Years of GDP: A tale of Two Countries, New Geography, Wendell Cox, 2015:
‘Over the 515 years from 1500 to 2015, the available data seems to suggest that the largest economy in the world [has] almost always been either China or the United States. (for most years there is only incomplete data).’
Flag of China
‘In 1500, China was the largest economy in the world, followed closely by India, both with estimated GDP’s of approximately $100 billion. France was a distant third at approximately 18 billion… What is now the United Kingdom ranked 10th, at barely one quarter the output of France.
[The year 1700] was the only reported year between 1500 and 2015 that China or the United States did not lead the world. India had the strongest economy in 1700, closely followed by China.
Flag of India
‘Throughout the entire period to the middle of the 20th century, China’s economy was larger than India’s by a relatively small margin. At the same time “the great powers” of the West were still well behind China and India…
By 1820… India [in] second, [was] slightly more than one half that of China. The United Kingdom finally appears, in third-place with a GDP one sixth that of China… By 1890, the United States had emerged as the world’s largest economy, opening up an approximately five percent lead over China. India ranked third, followed by the United Kingdom [4th] and Japan [5th].
By 1930, the ascendancy of the United States was clear. China… still remained the second largest economy, but trailed the United States by approximately [two-thirds]. There was little difference between China and the next three largest economies, Germany [3rd], the United Kingdom [4th] and India [5th].
Flag of the United States of America
Half a century later, in 1980, the United States retained a similar lead, but now over second-ranked Japan. Germany was a close third… India ranked ninth, approximately 30 percent ahead of 10th ranked China. China’s ascendancy was obvious by 2010, reaching within 20 percent of the United States, which remained number one.
This had been a dramatic reversal, since China’s GDP had been little more than one tenth that of the United States only 30 years earlier (1980). India was also restored to a leadership position, ranking third. Japan was fourth and Germany was fifth.’
In 2019 these major powers were ranked 1. United States of America 2. China 3. Japan 4. Germany 5 India and 11. Russia.
‘It is notable that through much of their empire-colonial relationship between the United Kingdom and India, the colony had the larger GDP. This was the case from 1820 through 1900. This is principally due to the larger population of India. For example, in 1870, India’s GDP was one-third larger than that of the United Kingdom. In the same year, however, the UK GDP per capita was six times that of India.
GDP projections produced for 2050, by… Price Waterhouse Coopers indicate that even more significant changes could be ahead. PWC expects China to have GDP of $61 trillion (US$2014). India is projected to be restored to its previous second place, at $42 trillion, just ahead of the United States ($41 trillion). BRIICs members Indonesia and Brazil would be 4th and 5th, while BRIICs Russia would be 8th. Mexico [6th] and Japan [7th] would follow Brazil, with Nigeria [9th] and Germany [10th] rounding out the top ten. If PWC is right, the dominance of China and the United States might be supplanted by the historically dominant duo of China and India. Of course, no one knows for sure. Forecasting economics is even harder than forecasting population.’
We learn some very salient points from this data.
First, Only China, India or the United States have ever been number one with regard to being the world’s biggest economy.
Second, it took nearly four hundred years [of a 500 year period], for a nation outside of Asia to catch up to China and India and then pass them.
Third, China has fluctuated the most of the major powers. It was marginally ahead of second place India for centuries, then in the 1800s gained a substantial lead and then by the 1900s was substantially behind India as well as other nations. Now, China has regained second spot.
Four, it is China which has witnessed the most dramatic economic reversal, being one-tenth the size of the United states in 1980 and within 30 years – a similar time frame we have now before us from 2022 to 2050 – moved from tenth to second in the world.
Five, the example of the former major power, the United Kingdom and India exposes the active and dormant natures these powers respectively exhibit.
Six, both Japan an island nation on the periphery of a continent the same as Great Britain, and Germany, a young nation like Italy, have been major economic powers since the late 1800s and early 1900s and as with the United Kingdom, have shown a desire to follow an expansionist policy, creating military capability to match and the will to put it to use. They have all been active powers unlike the two major dormant powers, China and India. Some would argue credibly that China is now no longer dormant.
Seven, the predictions by PWC are enlightening and if correct, a circle is being completed with China and India regaining the lengthy historical positions of number one and two. Is the United States ascendancy on the wane, has it been an aberration of history. Will they dip forever, or only for a period, to resurface at number one again?
Eight, the forecasted key economic growth and improved positions of Indonesia, Brazil and Mexico all corroborate what has been foretold. All three, have the wherewithal to achieve major power status and all will strengthen their military capability over ensuing decades.
Nine, there is a glaring omission in the statistics, apart from the 2050 projection of Russia at eight. Where has Russia been in this period? It has more often than not been in the top ten and in its guise as a modern empire, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, it was placed at number two consecutively, from 1960 to 1985.
Ten, as only three nations have held number one and if the United States concedes to China, could another nation, a fourth nation, ever achieve number one spot and if so which one?
Yes, a new nation will one day break into the club of three, held for the past five hundred years. Based on a number of observations and factors… that nation, is Russia. Of course many will smile at this and think this view simplistic; based on limited knowledge; and a shallow grasp of geo-economics.
Flag of Russia
The world has changed and the last century was very different from the four that preceded it. Was it far-fetched for China to move from tenth to second in the space of thirty years? No, it wasn’t. There is good cause to consider a similar scenario with Russia. It may not happen by 2050, but happen, it will.
This highlights important additional points, which tie Russia and Germany together.
Though Japan had an imperialistic moment in history, much like Italy and Great Britain – which is remembered for its globe encircling empire that is undoubtedly the most famous in modern history, standing out in the annals of time, as does the past Roman empire, that still impacts our civilisation – it is the militaristic and imperialistic nation of Germany, whether one studies the two prime influences of the German peoples history, Austria in the south and Prussia in the north; with Russia, who possesses an even longer pedigree of imperialism and militarism that are most likely to return to or further respectively, these inherent ambitions.
At this point, Great Britain is not included in the rest of the discussion, for it has fallen from being a major power. The English people do not truly possess an imperialistic nature; for the United Kingdom primarily pursued a defensive role in strategically maintaining an overseas empire built on colonialism for the purpose of trade.
Map of the future predominant global economic-military powers
Comparing the six major powers today, both China and India if not dormant, remain passive. Saying that, both nations have the potential to become superpowers and this is very likely. Judging from modern history, it is a nation of formidable size which makes that quantum step from a major to a super power.
For instance, Japan is a technological leader and economic giant. Some may think it could revert to a warlike footing, though this is not what is predicted, nor will Japan make the critical step to superpower status. It will likely remain a passive major power. In this regard, Germany as a major power, is similar to Japan. Two world wars revealed that Germany as a regional power took that next step to impact on a European regional scale; though it did not have the capability to extend itself beyond a certain parameter – a victim, of imperial overstretch. Of course, all that has changed now it is the economic driver of a new empire, called the European Union.
Flag of the European… German Union
Germany ultimately wields immense power. As a single nation, the leap to superpower status is beyond it; not so with twenty-six nations in its close orbit and potentially many more to fall under its influence. For now, Germany is somewhere between a dormant and passive power major power. In complete irony to the concept of ‘let’s contain and bind Germany in a unified Europe, so that it is shackled and unable to act aggressively ever again’. Time will show it to be one of the worst decisions ever made in the history of our civilisation.
Russia’s ambitions in recapturing its lost satellite nations after the dissolving of the Soviet Union are palpable. Strategic buffer nations with vast natural resources such as Ukraine and Kazakstan are too valuable to ever relinquish permanent control; with Ukraine a case in point. All eyes have been glued on China for the past decade or two, though casting a wary eye on Russia would be more prudent.
It is Russia that was once a superpower and is not so far distantly removed in regaining that status. Its threat is real, not imagined and has not ever gone away. Russia is a constant active major power, with hundreds of years of continual imperialistic endeavours – the scourge of its neighbouring countries.
Russia – like the United States – has its proverbial ‘fingers in many pies’ with regard to geo-political interventions and associated intrigue. Admittedly, it was less covertly active between 1991 and 2014, though the signs of its stirring with the help of western provocation, are plain to see.
What lies ahead for these six major powers, is that Japan as an exception will plausibly be reduced in stature and joined by the new and growing powers of Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, Iran, Turkey and a dramatically re-united Korea. New superpowers consisting of China, India, a German led Europe and a reinstatement of Russia will join the world’s only hyper power, the United States of America.
A potent symbol and reminder of America’s power – but for how much longer?
America is compellingly and utterly unique in all history, in the modern world and in our life times. No single nation has been so materially blessed or prosperous beyond belief. No single nation has so heavily influenced the rest of the whole world in its export of American culture through film, television, literature and music. Never, has a single nation so comprehensively dominated civilisation in its development of trade, information technology, media, telecommunications, munitions, missiles and defence systems.
As an active superpower and hyper power since 1991, the United States has undeniably built an empire unlike anything seen in the world, for though they do not have a mass of territorial conquests or colonies like the British Empire, their financial investment and influence worldwide intertwines the global economy like the roots of a tree that grow underground, wrapping themselves around everything in its path.
Yet, the United States of America reached its economic peak during the 1960s contributing approximately 40% of world GDP. Since then it has decreased some 50% to approximately 20% or just over, in recent years. The United States took the mantle from the United Kingdom of world policeman and this is no coincidence; yet, as Great Britain suffered from imperial overstretch so too will America, with all its naval and military base presence worldwide coming at a cost. Eventually it will contract like all great empires; experiencing an inevitable path of power shrinkage and the lessening of its global influence in every quarter; politically, militarily, economically and geographically.
Its demise is predicted and it will be both spectacular and swift. A complete role reversal will occur with its ‘nemesis’ Russia, that will astound the world. Triggers for this will include other powers ‘ganging up’ on the United States, particularity from a trade stance. Historically, trade wars have led to military wars. If such occurs, the United States could find itself out-numbered. This may even be a ‘third World War’ scenario. A NATO falling out could also go against the United States. Respect and confidence for the American dollar will diminish, and it will be replaced by another currency.
All this would impact the American domestic economy adversely, possibly leading to disenfranchised States seeking to leave the Union; fragmenting into individual states or groups of states as they seek their own independence from the federal government. Thus, seriously impacting America’s collective economic power and its global political and military might.
In turn, this could be hastened in a Catch-22 by America’s increasing population; for the burgeoning, exponential rate of growth of the Latino-Hispano demographic, coupled with the ever increasing African-American and Asian-American population, will lead to significant changes in American ideology, policy and purpose; shifting from the historic WASP dominance, further weakening America’s strength and resolve at home and abroad.
The result of America’s phenomenal prosperity, is a spoiled, arrogant and soulless nation that has well and truly begun its moral decline. For as author John Steinbeck said: “If you want to destroy a nation, give it too much – make it greedy, miserable and sick.”
Coupled with this, the American civilisation’s eventual loss of wealth and riches will be when the majority of believers either cease to remember or honour the source of their opportunities, bounty and blessings; or when they are eventually outnumbered. For the United States, though not founded as a Christian or even a ‘religious’ nation, did provide through its Constitution, the freedom to worship in a manner that is entirely unique.
When the United States finally arrives at its lowest ebb and becomes the Dis-united States of America; it’s wealth, purpose, resolve and its pride in its own power will have dwindled to the point that it is a shadow of itself, a paper tiger. For many, this seems an impossibility or a state of affairs that would take centuries to achieve, but it would seem this may not be the case.
In tandem with America’s demise, will be the rise of the two preeminent European major powers, Russia and Germany. These two nations will form an alliance, that will reshape the global power structure and together the two superpowers will become the world’s hyper power, replacing the United States.
This future world view reflects the amalgamation of Russia and a German led Europe; it portrays the geo-economic trading blocs of North America, Latin America, Africa, the complex Islamic sphere and the enlarged East Asian region.
It is to Russia that America will one day turn, cap in hand. The eventual outcome is not good, as they will be defeated by a coalition of the northern alliance comprising Russia and Europe and a collaboration consisting of a Brazilian and Mexican led Latin America.
In this new world order, the Islamic nations as discussed earlier, possibly led by a reincarnation of the Ottoman Turks, Turkey; will challenge the northern alliance hegemony. In a war that stages three major conflagrations, with the North winning the decisive third battle, the southern confederacy of Islam falls to the subjugation and occupation of Russia and a German led Europe. India too, a bystander, will also fall prey to Russian and German domination.
Aside from the intriguing date, this world view prescribes the lands which will fall into the hands of a Russian and German led alliance – North Africa, the Middle East, as well as India. The hint of an ancient Roman resurrection coupled with Jewish hegemony are uncannily close to the mark.
At this point China and its allies from the East, decide ‘enough is enough’ and face off against the northern alliance in the motherof all battles that is actually predicted by name. What happens next, is the subject for a different question and another time…
“There is nothing new in the world except the history you do not know” Harry S Truman [1884 – 1972]
Interest in the Kings of the North and of the South is well founded as the culmination of their prophetic roles signals the onset of the time of Jacob’s trouble and may well unravel a third of a millennia from now, near and a little beyond the horizon line of where the third century ends and the next begins.
Jeremiah 30:7
English Standard Version
Alas! That day is so great there is none like it; it is a time of distress for Jacob; yet he shall be saved out of it.
The Book of Daniel contains the single longest prophecy in the Bible, which chronicles thousands of years and well on into the future. The early part of the chapter references Greece or Javan – somewhat confusingly – as it is not the son of Japheth being described, but actually the Greco-Macedonian Empire and its confrontation with the existing, ruling Medo-Persian Empire ending in 331 BCE.
The players of north and south, subtly change over the centuries. These identities of the past have been well researched by others, so I will not include them here. Then towards the end of Daniel chapter eleven, the Kings of the North and South shift from a Mediterranean and Middle Eastern orientation, to an imminent global power struggle.
Though not stated as such in the Bible, there is of sorts, a ‘King of the West’. This nation is a behemoth on the world stage, though for is in gradual decline, as we enter the beginning of the end. Within a sixty-five year period, the pride of its power will decline and fail and with that, it’s fall.
Isaiah 7:8
English Standard Version
For the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is Rezin. And within sixty-five years Ephraim will be shattered from being a people.
Its final demise will be spectacular, sudden, devastating and completed at the hands of the King of Assyria – Isaiah 7:17, Hosea 11:5.
The prevalent view amongst identity adherents and fundamentalist Christians has been that Asshur as ‘the instrument of God’s wrath’ in bringing true Israel to its knees in repentance past and future, is the nation of Germany and the German peoples. Yet geography, history, migration with autosomal DNA, mtDNA and Y-DNA Haplogroups, show that the Germans are actually descended from Ishmael [refer Chapter XXVIII The True Identity & Origin of Germany & Austria – Ishmael & Hagar].
As the dominant nation from the descendants of Peleg, the son of Eber from Arphaxad a son of Shem in Western Europe; centrally placed Germany, is also the leading nation of all of Joktan’s descendants also from Eber, residing in Eastern Europe. In the future, a German led European Union will ally itself with the real Assyrians.
The prophet Balaam provides a future prophecy on these specific nations, including Kitti, a son of Javan descended from Japheth.
Numbers 24:24
English Standard Version
‘But ships shall come from Kittim and shall afflict [H6031 – anah] Asshur and Eber; and he too shall come to utter destruction.”’
It is in fact the Russians who descend from Asshur and are modern day Assyria [refer Chapter XX Will the Real Assyria Stand Up: Asshur & Russia]. Russia is both the King of the North and the instrument of God’s wrath against true Israel and Judah. The Hebrew word for afflict, means: ‘to afflict, abase’ or ‘humble (one self).’
Zephaniah 2:13
English Standard Version
‘And he will stretch out his hand against the north and destroy Assyria, and he will make Nineveh [their capital] a desolation, a dry waste like the desert.’
Isaiah 10:5, 24-25
English Standard Version
‘5 Woe to Assyria, the rod of my anger; the staff in their hands is my fury…
24 Therefore thus says the Lord God of hosts: “O my people, who dwell in Zion, be not afraid of the Assyrians when they strike with the rod and lift up their staff against you as the Egyptians did. 25 For in a very little while my fury will come to an end, and my anger will be directed to their destruction.’
There are only two nations in the northern hemisphere that could at a certain point in the future, possess the military and economic wherewithal to inflict a captivity of this magnitude on the modern nations of Israel and Judah – not the modern state called Israel. The nation of Germany is not in the north.
Amos 6:8-9, 11, 14
English Standard Version
‘… declares the Lord, the God of hosts: “I abhor the pride of Jacob and hate his strongholds, and I will deliver up the city and all that is in it.”… And if ten men remain in one house, they shall die… and the great house shall be struck down into fragments, and the little house into bits. “For behold, I will raise up against you a nation, O house of Israel,” declares the Lord, the God of hosts; “and they shall oppress you…’
The other contender nation China, already has its own predetermination as we will learn. The Assyrians are given their mission as Israel’s punisher from the Creator, though as they relish the role, their demise also is foretold.
We then read further, about the King of the North in the book of Daniel. The whole of chapter eleven is worth reading, though for brevity the key verses include the following.
Daniel 11: 15, 18, 25, 29-31, 40, 42-44:
English Standard Version
‘Then the king of the north shall come… Afterward he shall turn his face to the coastlands and shall capture many of them… And he shall stir up his power and his heart against the king of the south with a great army. And the king of the south shall wage war with an exceedingly great and mighty army, but he shall not stand, for plots shall be devised against him…’
The King of the North finds reason to attack the coastlands or isles which in the Bible are always associated with the far East. In this case, southeast Asia. Isaiah 66:19, ESV: ‘… to Tarshish , Pul, and Lud, who draw the bow, to Tubal and Javan,to the coastlands far away, that have not heard my fame or seen my glory…’ Pul, is not a mis-translation of Put or Phut. It is a name of a king; a King of Asshur and a reference to Assyria. Russia then turns its attention to the King of the South and defeats them in their first encounter.
‘At the time appointed he shall return and come into the south, but it shall not be this time as it was before. For ships of Kittim shall come against him, and he shall be afraid and withdraw, and shall turn back and be enraged and take action against the holy covenant… and profane the temple and fortress, and shall take away the regular burnt offering. And they shall set up the abomination that makes desolate‘ – Matthew 24:15.
The interlinear says: ‘For ships Chittim shall come…’ It does not include ‘of’ or ‘from’ in the Hebrew, though I consider the inference is from more than of, Kittim. Sometimes translated unhelpfully, as ships from the west. Some have then mistakenly translated Kittim as being Cyprus or Italy; where they once dwelled. The people from Kitti today live is Indonesia [refer Chapter VII Javan: Archipelago South East Asia & Polonesia and Chapter VIII Indonesia: Kittim, Khitai & Cathay].
We learned earlier in Numbers 24:24, that ships from Kittim inflict a loss on Asshur and Eber – an alliance of Russia and a German led Europe.
At some point, Kitti is either part of those nations amalgamated as the King of the South, and Indonesia’s military and naval power is formidable enough to fight Russia and Europe, or more likely, the verse is a veiled reference to a naval cavalcade, of various confederate nations travelling from a base in Kittim. It is plausible that Indonesia could accommodate a military and naval presence within its strategically positioned islands in southeast Asian waters. This enlargement of the King of the South alliance creates a powerful navy, that wins a confrontation against the King of the North, scaring them into retreat.
Modern navies since the last century have considerably more impact in any escalation than in the past, as they not only provide an effective means of transporting soldiers and military hardware, they include the critical strike potency afforded through the combined use of aircraft carriers and their jet fighter aircraft.
In wrathful response, the abomination of desolation is committed and marks the beginning of the great tribulation some thirty days later and a final three and one half year period [a prophetic 1260 days] before the Son of Man returns – Daniel 9:27, 12:11, Matthew 24:21-22.
“At the time of the end, the king of the south shall attack him, but the king of the north shall rush upon him like a whirlwind, with chariots and horsemen, and with many ships… He shall stretch out his hand against the countries, and the land of Egypt or Mizra shall not escape. He shall become ruler of the treasures of gold and of silver, and all the precious things of Egypt, and the Libyans or Phut and the Cushites shall follow in his train. But news from the east and the north shall alarm him, and he shall go out with great fury to destroy and devote many to destruction.’
The King of the North clashes for a third time with the King of the South, who this time is the aggressor – bolstered by winning the second exchange – attacking Russia with its allies. Notice the King of the North is prepared with ‘many ships’ and wins the third and final conflagration. Mizra includes the Arab nations, led by Egypt, Phut is Pakistan and Cush is India [refer Chapters XIII India & Pakistan: Cush & Phut and XIV Mizra: North Africa & Arabia]. India though, is not aligned with the King of the South. Russia gains control of Arab assets, for instance oil reserves. The threat from the northeast, is an East Asian alliance, led by China.
Ezekiel 27:10
New English Translation
‘Men of Persia [Elam], Lud, and Put [Pakistan] were in your army, men of war. They hung shield and helmet on you; they gave you your splendor.’
Lud a son of Shem, is associated with Elam and Phut geographically and militarily a number of times in the Bible. All the verses which mention them are connected with warfare. It is not a surprise therefore to discover that Lud is the modern militaristic state of Iran [refer Chapter XVII Lud & Iran]. Their relationship with Pakistan and Elam falls into place in the jig-saw of who comprises the King of the South; as Elam is the nation of Turkey [refer Chapter XVIII Elam & Turkey].
What is worth noting, from Ezekiel 27:10, is that Turkey, Iran and Pakistan are the heart and core of the future Islamic Alliance which is referred to in the Book of Daniel, as the King of the South. Peripheral players in this powerful confederacy, may well include other major Islamic nations of Egypt, Pathros from Mizra; Bangladesh, Havilah from Cush; and Indonesia. Kitti from Javan.
There are a handful of contender nations for leader of the Muslim world: population wise, Bangladesh and Indonesia; diplomatically wise as in gaining pan-Arab support, Egypt; militarily, Pakistan and critically, ideologically wise, Iran. The last two would appear favourites and Iran has the edge maybe, in religious zealotry and militancy compared with Pakistan.
On the fringes because of its ostensibly more western footing is Turkey. How it would fit into an Islamic alliance is not as clear cut, unless economic clout is considered foremost. Potential leader can not be ruled out particularly as its economy [19th biggest GDP in the world], though marginally behind Indonesia [at 16th] and Saudi Arabia [at 18th], is growing to soon make it the dominant nation of the South.
Turkey is included in the Next Eleven countries that are projected to dominate the global economy in the middle of the twenty-first century. Other N-11 nations coincidentally, include Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran and Pakistan. Most of the group’s total gross domestic product derives from Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea and yes, Turkey. These Islamic nations are the fastest growing major economies of the next generation along with the burgeoning economies of the BRIC nations, comprising Brazil, India, China and forebodingly, Russia.
India is discussed in the Bible and has a vital role to play as the Queen of the South; a powerful counterpoint to the King of the South.
Matthew 12:42
Amplified Bible
‘The Queen of the South (Sheba) [Sheba & Dedan from Cush] will stand up [as a witness] at the judgment against this [last] generation, and will condemn it because she came from the ends of the earth to listen to the wisdom of Solomon; and now, something greater than Solomon is here [the Messiah].’
The term Queen of the South is a tantalising clue as it confirms the status of India on the world stage, while at the same time excluding it from the future union of Islamic nations incorporating the King of the South: Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Egypt and their allies Indonesia and Bangladesh [refer Chapter XIII India & Pakistan: Cush & Phut].
An alliance led by China, is mentioned in the Book of Revelation.
Revelation 16:12
English Standard Version
‘The sixth angel poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up, to prepare the way for the kings from the east.’
The Kings from the East comprise China, North Korea or sensationally, a united Korea and much of continental southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand. At this juncture, after the King of the North has conclusively and systematically defeated the King of the South, the Queen of the South; having already dispatched the King of the West, China decides to impede Russia’s rush towards total global dominion.
Revelation 16:16
English Standard Version
‘And they assembled them at the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon [G7171 meaning: ‘the hill or city of Megiddo’ derived from G4023: ‘to surround, encompass, take possession, sieze’ and G2022: ‘to pour upon’].’
China comprises Japheth’s sons Magog, Meshech and Tubal [Chapter X China: Magog, Tubal & Meshech]. Magog, Tubal & Meshech dwell in the North [Daniel 11:44] and in the East [Revelation 16:12]. Magog is described in Ezekiel chapters thirty-eight and thirty-nine and Revelation 20:1–10. Only one nation in the world could be the correct match.
Gog is a future ruler of Magog – quite literally, a de-magog-ue.
Definition of a demagogue: ‘a person, especially an orator or political leader, who gains power and popularity by arousing the emotions, passions, and prejudices of the people.’
This leader is suspiciously reminiscent of a Nephil.
There are in fact two wars predicted, involving Magog:
1. Towards the end of the Great tribulation at the battle of Armageddon, Magog with the Kings of the East, faces off against the King of the North
2. At the end of a millennial period of peace, Magog and its allies attack, not the present day state of Israel or the Jews, but rather true Israel descended from the sons of Jacob
We have previously discussed the Statue in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream, with the Medes of Madai, represented by the Turkic-Mongols and the Persians of Elam, represented by Turkey, being the chest and arms of Silver. The head of gold synonymous with the Babylonian Chaldean Empire from the descendants of Abraham’s brother Nahor, represented by Italy and the torso and thighs of bronze equating to the Greco-Macedonian Empire, the descendants of Abraham’s nephew Lot, represented by France [Chapter XXV Italy: Nahor & the Chaldeans and Chapter XXVI The French & Swiss: Moab, Ammon & Haran]. Each descending metal is less valuable but more robust than the one previous.
In Daniel 2:33, 40 NET, it says:
‘Its legs were of iron… Then there will be a fourth kingdom, one strong like iron. Just like iron breaks in pieces and shatters everything, and as iron breaks in pieces all these metals, so it will break in pieces and crush the others.’
The legs of iron, are much stronger than the bronze of the Greco-Macedonians, yet not as culturally sophisticated or resplendent. It would be unusually conspicuous if the Assyrians were missing from the statue, as other major European powers are included as we have investigated.
The two legs represent the division of the Roman Empire. One leg of iron is the Western Roman Empire centred in Rome and represents the descendants of Ishmael, the Germans. The other leg is the Eastern Roman Empire of Byzantium and this leg represents the descendants of Asshur, the Russians [Chapter XX Will the Real Assyria Stand Up: Asshur & Russia and XXVIII The True Identity & Origin of Germany & Austria – Ishmael & Hagar].
Excerpt from an answer to questions asked on Quora: What is the meaning of Daniel chapter 11? and What does the Bible mean about “Queen of the South”?
Cush is the eldest son of Ham; having a close affinity with Phut, the third-born of Ham’s four sons. Five sons are attributed to Cush. Cush and Phut have historically been entwined and are mentioned numerous times together in the Bible; similar to what we have learned, regarding Magog, Tubal and Meshech in Chapter X, though with a twist.
Herman Hoeh continues his invaluable platform of research in Origin of the Nations – capitalisation his, emphasis & bold mine:
‘This puzzle is easily solved! Bordering on the Black Sea in the Colchis (near eastern Turkey today) lived in ancient times “dark-skinned people”, according to historians. This circumstance puzzled even the ancients who thought all black people ought to live in Africa! Black people living in what today is the Caucasus of Russia is merely a confirmation of the fact that civilization commenced with Nimrod, a black man, in Babylon (Genesis 10:8-10). His kingdom spread northward from Babel to this very region!’
Nimrod will form a separate study in a later chapter. His identity will be unravelled and the assumption he was Black will be questioned [refer Chapter XXI The Incredible Identity, Origin & Destiny of Nimrod].
‘When the Assyrians carried Egyptians and Ethiopians captive (Isaiah 20), many were undoubtedly planted in this very region where the remnants of Nimrod’s empire had long remained… These people practiced circumcision – just as the [Black] Aborigines of Australia do today! From this region a few hundred miles northwest of Babylon comes the [Black] race [Negritos and Melanesians] of Southeast Asia. In II Chronicles 12:3 we read of the Sukkiim who came out of Africa into Palestine. We hear no more of them in Africa. But Herodotus tells us that they journeyed to Colchis by the Black Sea… In this region we find the mention of Sukhum… and ofthe dark-skinned Sakai. They gave their name to the Caspian Sea, which the ancients called “Sikim”… A large province in India also is named Sikkim after them…
The Sakai are scattered throughout Southeast Asia. They journeyed with the sons of Gomer. One of the proofs that Gomer is in Asia, but not in Europe, is this fact that the [Black people] who lived in the land of Gomer near Babylon now live in Southeast Asia! In ancient Colchis also lived the Aeetas… Where are the Aeetas today?
In the Philippines where some of the sons of Gomer [rather, Javan] also are… The really important reason for knowing where these [Black] people journeyed is that they help us solve the riddle where the sons of Gomer are today!’
Australian Aborigine men
‘A most intriguing question is the origin of the [black African]… Part of the black race stems from Cush (Genesis 10:6). Cush means black in Hebrew (YOUNG’s CONCORDANCE). The word “Cush” is often translated into English by the word “Ethiopia”, but not all Cushites live in Ethiopia (an independent nation in East Africa). The Greeks called the children of Cush “Ethiopians”. That’s why we use the word in English.’
Australian Aborigine women
‘Cush first settled around ancient Babylon (Genesis 10:8-10). The children of Cush were the original Babylonians, not the Chaldeans who are in Southern Europe today.
From Babylon, Cush spread far and wide. Most of the black children of Cush migrated across central Arabia and around the southern coast of Arabia to East Africa. The Egyptians called East Africa, south of Syene, “Kosh”. The Chaldeans and the Assyrians called it “Kushu”… Not all Scriptures refer to the Cushite who settled in East Africa.’
Dravidian women
‘Cush also had sons who went east into Asia rather than Africa. Here is what Herodotus wrote: The Ethiopians from the sun-rise (for [there are] two kinds)… were marshalled with the Indians, and did not at all differ from [them] in appearance but only in their language, and their hair. For the eastern Ethiopians are straight-haired; but those of (Africa) have hair more curly than that of any other people [the Black African is a different line of Ham – refer Chapter XII Canaan & African]. These Ethiopians from Asia were accounted (almost the same as the Indian [of India])”(Polymnia, section 20).’
Dravidian men
‘The Brown people of South India and Ceylon [Sri Lanka] are the descendants of Cush! Historians call them Dravidians today. The ancients called them SIBAE…Their Bible name was Seba (Genesis 10:7). Josephus, the Jewish historian, recognized an eastern and a western Cush – one in Asia, the other in Africa (ANTIQUITIES. VI, 2). Herodotus calls them “Asiatic Ethiopians” (Thalia, section 94). The word translated”Ethiopia”, in Ezekiel 38:5 should be properly translated “Cush”. It refers primarily to the Asiatic Cush, India today.’
The Aborigines of Australia are related to the Negritos of South East Asia and they in turn with the Indians from India [refer Chapter VII Javan: Archipelago South east Asia & Polynesia]. The similarity of the Aborigine facial characteristics with the Dravidian peoples of Southern India and Sri Lanka is too palpable to ignore. Though the Black African is not descended from Cush but rather Canaan; the peoples from Southern India as explained by Dr Hoeh are descended from Cush. In fact, Cush’s sons have spread even further afield. Cush once lived in East Africa, though they are not there now. There is no east-west split of Cush today. This would make Bible verses confusing, not knowing which Cush is intended? Cush’s descendants were not the original Babylonians. The meaning of Cush has been problematic, regardless of Youngs Concordance definition as ‘black.’
Abarim Publications – emphasis & bold mine:
‘The origin of the name Cush is irretrievably obscure, and none of the translators have more to say about it than that it is related to Ethiopia, and having a dark countenance. The prophet Jeremiah rhetorically asks, “Can the Cushite change his skin?” (Jeremiah 13:23), which may or may not suggest that the Cushites were known for being black. Still, this says very little about the meaning of the name Cush. Klein’s Etymological dictionary of the Hebrew Language lists a word written similar to Ethiopia, meaning spindle (with poetic function of ‘horn’?) [the Horn of Africa, present day Ethiopia is southwards from where the descendants of Cush settled], but he gives no applications to try the word. The Septuagint translates this name with a compilation of derivatives of the Greek verb ‘to scorch,’ and noun ‘countenance’.
However, the Hebrew word for black is (sahar). The heth and rosh in this word are so dominant that the name Cush can hardly have come from it. Allowing this would link Cush to pretty much any other word that contains a shin. Like the word (yshsh; weak, impotent, aged) for instance, which makes a far more plausible candidate as a repeated letter often falls away and the yod alternates with the waw. In concert with the common Hebrew particle (ke; as if, like), the name would mean As If He Were Weak.
And then there is the root (yshh; meaning uncertain), which yields the noun (tushiya), meaning wisdom, sound knowledge, which would yield the meaning of Cush as As If He Were Getting Smarter… Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names reads A Black Countenance, Full Of Darkness, but also submits… “the etymology is most uncertain”. NOBSE Study Bible Name List simply reads Black.
Not only do we lack a clear definition for the name Cush, the word has caused editors confusion in translating Cush in the Bible. It is invariably translated as either Cush, Cushan, Cushim or Cushi – either with a capital C or K. The following article by Peter Unseth, details inadvertently attributing Biblical names to current political boundaries and the usage of the word Cush – emphasis & bold mine.
Hebrew Kush: Sudan, Ethiopia, or Where?
‘Some published sources have acknowledged that Biblical kush was in what is now Egypt and Sudan… [and] I have found no actual evidence that the Kingdom of Kush indeed ruled any parts of the territory in modern Ethiopia. Much of the translators’ tendency to translate kush by a term that has modern day political significance stems from the Septuagint’s use of the word Aithiopia. At the time the Septuagint was translated, this was indeed a correct Greek term to use in translating kush.
If kush is translated as “Ethiopia”, the question arises: “Ethiopia’s borders at which point in time?” But in the centuries and decades since such early translations as the KJV, the use of “Ethiopia” in translating kush into English has become less and less of a legitimate choice. Translators too often retained the word “Ethiopia”, overlooking the fact that there has been a change in what was referred to between the use of English “Ethiopia” in earlier centuries (when the English meaning of Ethiopia was very similar to that of Greek Aithiopia) and the word “Ethiopia” in common usage of 20th century English (and a number of the world’s languages).
… the kingdom of kush was not within the borders of present day Ethiopia, but rather within the borders of Sudan and Egypt.
So we must conclude that the use of “Ethiopia” in English translations (and other languages) today leads readers to the erroneous conclusion that the Biblical references were to people and places actually within the delineated borders of the present state of Ethiopia.
I have studied over 30 English translations, charting their translations of kush in 21 verses. Their choices were generally from one of four terms: ““kush”, “Ethiopia”, “Nubia”, “Sudan”… problems have resulted from kush being translated by a term that has present day political significance… ordinary readers have simply not understood the text correctly. They have assumed that the word referred to an area that coincided with the borders of a modern state. This confusion is increased when different versions use words referring to different states. My friend who grew up on the Ethiopian-Sudanese border was genuinely perplexed and wanted to know “Which country does the Bible refer to in Psalm 68:31, Ethiopia or Sudan?”
… Biblical prophecy has been applied to the wrong parts of the world as a result of terms with political significance.
Writers unduly influenced by translations have misunderstood the Biblical text and interpreted prophecies as applying to the present states of Ethiopia or Sudan. Writing about Biblical prophecy, Otis wrote “Persia [Elam], Ethiopia (Cush), Libya [Phut] … are all easily identifiable with modern nations”…
In summary, the Old Testament references to kush do not refer specifically or exclusively to the present states of Sudan, Ethiopia, or any other political entity in Africa, and should not be translated with terms that would refer to such political states. The word kush should be translated in a way that is faithful to the text and as clear as possible to the reader. This will generally mean that the word will have to be translated by different words or phrases, according to the particular context and language.’
The difficulty in translating Cush is removed when their identity is understood. Cush’s sons include a number of nations. The simplicity of the matter is that everywhere ‘Cush’ is stated, it can simply be replaced with India. Leaving Nimrod for now, the sons of Cush as given in Genesis 10:6-7 ESV are: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah and Sabteca. Raamah had two sons and they are Sheba and Dedan.
Seba in Hebrew means: ‘Drunkard’, from the verb saba, ‘to imbibe’
Abarim Publications – emphasis & bold mine:
‘There’s only one Seba in the Bible… (Genesis 10:7). There seems to be something secretive about this name. Neither BDB Theological Dictionary nor NOBSE Study Bible Name List dares to even hint at an interpretation. Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names ignores any Hebrew words that may have to do with the name Seba and goes after an Arabic cognate and concludes Eminent.
… to a Hebrew audience the name Seba sounded very clearly like it came from the verb (saba), meaning to imbibe… and is mostly associated with strong liquor and heavy drinking. Noun (sobe) means a drink… Whatever the original name was intended to convey, to a Hebrew audience the name Seba must have looked like Drunkard. According to Klein’s Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language, the name Seba means He Drank Wine.’
Isaiah 43:3
English Standard Version
For I am the Lord your God, the Holy One of Israel, your Saviour. I give Egypt as your ransom, Cush [India] and Seba in exchange for you.
Isaiah 45.14
New Century Version
The Lord says, “The goods made in Egypt and Cush [India] and the tall people of Seba will come to you and will become yours. The Sabeans will walk behind you, coming along in chains. They will bow down before you and pray to you, saying, ‘God is with you, and there is no other God.’”
Psalm 72:10
English Standard Version
May the kings of Tarshish [Japan] and of the coastlands [East & South East Asia] render him tribute; may the kings of Sheba and Seba bring gifts!
Seba is included with their neighbour, India. A clue is given regarding their height. The Tamils of Sri Lanka are taller than either Indian Tamils or Indians in general. Seba and the Sabeans are the peoples of modern day Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka has a population of 21,635,528 people. Cush’s five sons together, boast a population even bigger than China’s Magog, Tubal and Meshech.
Sri Lankan man and woman
Havilah in Hebrew means: ‘Circle’ and from the verb hul, ‘to whirl’, the verb hawa, ‘to gather into a symbiosis’ and the verb laha, ‘to languish’ and by extension, a ‘languishing village,’ or an ‘exhausted revelation.’
Abarim Publications – emphasis & bold mine:
‘The name Havilah is assigned three different times in the Bible: It is first mentioned as a land that contains both gold and the river Pishon, one of four rivers of Eden (Genesis 2:11). The people of Ishmael settled there (Genesis 25:18) and [King] Saul drove out the Amalekites from there (1 Samuel 15:7).
The land [of] Havilah was probably named in retrospect, as the territory of one of the two human Havilahs… we surmise that the Pishon may have been named after the Indus River… that the story of the four rivers most generally tells of the evolution of human civilization… Also note that in Genesis 2:11 the name Havilah is preceded by the definite article or article of approach: the or onto Havilah. [1] A son of Cush, (Genesis 10:7). [2] A son of Joktan, the son of Eber (Genesis 10:29).’
The people of Ishmael settled in the Havilah of Joktan^ descended from Shem; not the Havilah from Cush, the son of Ham.
‘The name Havilah probably comes from the root group (hul I & II) and can be interpreted in many ways: Verb (hul I) denotes a whirling in circular motions… noun (hol), mining sand, the noun (hil), meaning pain so bad that it makes one writhe (specifically childbirth)… verb (hul II) means to be strong… derived noun (hayil) means might.
When the letter waw is a consonant (as it is in the name Havilah) it is a completely different letter than when it is a vowel (as in the verb), and there must be a very good reason why a vowel changes to a consonant (the same problem occurs with the name David). Perhaps it is to deliberately point at some other words.
Perhaps to the verb (hawa): means to lay out in order to live collectively, and describes investing one’s personal sovereignty into a living collective… to prostrate, which is to submit oneself wholly and bodily to a collective or to a leader… another form of laying out is in proclaiming information that will lead to greater oneness among the hearers… the noun (ahawa) meaning brotherhood.
For a meaning of the name Havilah… Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names has… Trembling* (with pain).’
Genesis 2:10-14
New English Translation
Now a river flows from Eden to water the orchard, and from there it divides into four headstreams. The name of the first is Pishon; it runs through [Hebrew: it is that which goes around] entire land of Havilah, where there is gold. (The gold of that land is pure; pearls and lapis lazuli are also there). The name of the second river** is Gihon; it runs through the entire land of Cush [India]. The name of the third river is Tigris; it runs along the east side of Assyria. The fourth river is the Euphrates.
Though it is tempting to assume the Havilah in question is that of Cush, because of Cush being mentioned in the next verse; it is actually Havilah, the son of Joktan^ who is being referenced [refer Chapter XXIV Arphaxad & Joktan: Balts, Slavs & the Balkans].
Flags of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh
Today, Havilah is the nation of Bangladesh. Coincidently, it has so many rivers and water ways that regular and devastating flooding causes much pain* to its 168,735,132 inhabitants.
Assignment Point – emphasis & bold mine:
‘Bangladesh is a land of rivers. In fact, the pride of Bangladesh is her rivers withone of the largest networks in the world.
In spite of being a very small country, Bangladesh has an amazing number of about 700 rivers. Most of the rivers… rise from the Himalayan range and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
The rivers of Bangladesh consist of tiny hilly streams, winding seasonal creeks, muddy canals, some truly magnificent rivers, and their tributaries. In some places, such as Patuakhali, Barisal, and Sundarbans… the watercourses are so plentiful that they form a veritable maze… Bangladesh has predominantly four major river systems – 1) the Brahmaputra-Jamuna, 2) the Ganges-Padma,** 3) the Surma-Meghna, and 4) the Chittagong region river system.’
The synchronous of the four main river systems many millenniums apart is notable; with the Gihon river running through the ‘entire land of Cush’ possibly synonymous with the Ganges River. The original location of Eden and its Garden will be investigated in a subsequent chapter [refer Chapter XXII Alpha & Omega].
Man and woman from Bangladesh
Sabtah and Sabteca, the third and fifth sons of Cush, are not mentioned outside of Genesis Ten and 1 Chronicles One.
Sabtah in Hebrew means: ‘Breaking through, encirclement’ from the verb sabat, ‘to beat or break’ and the verb sabab, ‘to turn or go around, encircle.’
Abarim Publications – emphasis & bold mine:
‘Sabtah is a son of Cush… In Genesis 10:7 his name is spelled [one way] but in 1 Chronicles 1:9 it’s spelled [differently as Sabta] which appears to be an Aramaic spelling. The etymology of the name Sabtah and that of his brother Sabteca is unclear. Both names start out with [a letter] which does not occur in Hebrew.
Neither BDB Theological Dictionary nor NOBSE Study Bible Name List attempt to interpret these names but Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names proposes relations with an Arabic verb, which transliterated into Hebrew would form [a word] which means to beat or to break. Jones… states that this name means Breaking Through, and adds: i.e. a terror to foes. But perhaps a Hebrew audience that wasn’t aware of Arabic roots, would have associated our name Sabtah with the Hebrew root (sabab), meaning to turn or go around, encircle… the verb (sabab) describes a going in a circular motion: to turn, turnabout, turn into or to encircle. Nouns (mesab) and (musab) describe that which surrounds (i.e. a wall)*’
Sabteca means in Hebrew: ‘Beating, Encircle Depression,’ from an unused verb sabat, ‘to beat or break’ like Sabtah.
Abarim Publications:
‘From (1) the verb (sabab), to turn or encircle, and (2) the verb (ka’a), to be disheartened… the name Sabteca ends with (k-a), the meaning of which can also not be retrieved. The verb (ka’a) is a rare verb… The even rarer adjective (ka’eh) means cowed.’
Sabtah and Sabteca are a nation and a territory – possibly a future State – which are both encircled in being landlocked; represented by modern day Nepal with a population of 30,415,157 people [acting as a wall* along the mountainous border of India and China] and Kashmir, the disputed and disheartened territory located in the north of India and Pakistan.
Kashmir’s population is an estimated 15,427,841 people. Notice the spelling of Kash-mir and to the north east of Kashmir, above Pakistan, there is the Hindu Kush Mountain range. The Indian administered region of Kashmir, the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir have 12,541,302 people. The Pakistani territory of Azad Kashmir has 2,016,192 people and the Chinese region of Gilgit-Baltistan, has 870,347 people [approximate figures].
In 2 Chronicles 12.2-3 ESV, we are introduced for the first and only time to the Sukki, Sukkites or Sukkiim as mentioned by Dr Hoeh.
In the fifth year of King Rehoboam, because they had been unfaithful to the Lord, Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots and 60,000 horsemen. And the people were without number who came with him from Egypt [Mizra] – Libyans [Lubim], Sukkiim, and Ethiopians [India].
This was a military alliance with Egypt against King Rehoboam of the Kingdom of Judah. Sukki or Sikki, means ‘booth dwellers’ with the connotation of being nomadic. The word has a similarity to the people of the Punjab, India who adhere to the Sik-h or Sikhism religion. Interestingly, the men let their hair grow, without cutting and wear turbans to keep it covered. Similar to a nazarite vow in the Old Testament and the Danite Judge Samson, who did not cut his hair [refer Chapter XXXIV Dan: The Invisible Tribe].
The Sukki are mentioned sandwiched between Phut and Cush and are a people in their own right, similar to Ararat and Minni, studied earlier [refer Chapter V Gomer: Continental South Asia & Polynesia]. The Sukki equate to the nation of Afghanistan today. Afghanistan’s population is 41,088,905 people. The Pashtuns make up the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising between 38% and 42% of the country’s population. Their main territory Pashtunistan, is between the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan and the Indus River in neighbouring Pakistan, where there, they are the second largest ethnic Group.
Flag of Afghanistan
We will now turn our attention to the sub-continent of India and study scriptures pertaining to Raamah and his sons Sheba and Dedan.
Raamah in Hebrew means: ‘Trembling, thundering,’ from the verb ra’am and ‘to thunder’. Quite applicable, when one imagines the enormous multitude of Indians and the noisy tumult their voices and footfalls would make. India’s population alone, is a staggering 1,421,558,134 people and set to overtake China during the first half of this century.
Abarim Publications – emphasis & bold mine:
‘The one and only Raamah in the Bible is a son of Cush… (Genesis 10:7). After his brief appearance in Genesis 10, and the parallel text of 1 Chronicles 1:9, where his name is spelled (Raama), we hear no more of this person. The unused verb (ra’am) probably meant to roll like thunder… appears to be a rare word to describe a horse’s mane, perhaps in the sense of its rolling or whipping. For a meaning of the name Raamah, NOBSE Study Bible Name List reads Trembling. Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names reads Thundering.
There are two completely different names in the Bible that both transliterate into English as Sheba – We’ll call our two different names Sheba I (spelled with an ayin) and Sheba II (spelled with an aleph):
Sheba I: ‘Seven, Oath.’ from (shaba), seven, or to swear.
The name Sheba-with-ayin is ascribed to: A town in Simeon (Joshua 19:2). A Benjaminite (2 Samuel 20:1). A Gadite (1 Chronicles 5:13). This name Sheba is identical to the words (sheba’), meaning seven and (shaba’), meaning to swear (an oath): has to do with… the act of binding with an oath… (seven seals or seven bonds).
Sheba II: Unknown, but perhaps Man, Drunk, Captive, Splinter
The name Sheba-with-aleph belongs to: [1] A son of Raamah… (Genesis 10:7). [2] A son of Joktan, who is the brother of Peleg (Genesis 10:28). [3] A son of Jokshan, son of Abraham and Keturah.* Sheba is also a region or nation of which the queen journeyed to Solomon 1 Kings 10:1; Matthew 12.42).’
This raises an important point, which has been a stumbling-stone for many commentators and researchers: the fact there are two Sheba and Dedan relationships in the Bible; plus a third individual in the Table of Nations, also called Sheba.* Also, Dedan is very much like Dodan, the son of Javan. Understandably, it has been confusing for researchers. One from Ham and two separate Shebas from Shem. This has led some to consider an editorial slip-up and that all are one-and-the-same. Rather than accepting they are listed for a reason and the possibility they were just popular names of the day, as we have our more commonly used names today. As we identity them, we will see that they are all separate personalities.
‘This name Sheba is according to Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names comparable with an Ethiopic word meaning ‘man’. And so, for a meaning of this name Sheba, Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names reads Man. BDB Theological Dictionary sees relations with a verb that means to make campaign or expedition, but lists (saba), meaning to imbibe (see the name Seba).
The name may even have to do with (shaba) to take captive. The noun is used in the Aramaic Talmud to mean splinter, a possible derivative (says BDB Theological Dictionary) from the unused (shbb I & II), which yields (shebabim, from root I), splinters, and (shabib, from root II), flame.
Dedan: Leading Gently, from the verb (dada), to move or lead slowly. The name Dedan comes possibly from the Hebrew noun (dd), meaning breast or nipple… For a meaning of the name Dedan, Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names goes with (dada) and reads Leading Forward, i.e. great increase of family. The NOBSE Study Bible Name List reads Low…’
For further meanings, please refer back to Rodan and Dodan, sons of Javan in Chapter VII. A ‘great increase of family’ is certainly applicable to India. The Sons of Raamah have populated India; Sheba to the north and Dedan to the south.
In Ezekiel 27:12-24 NET, describing trading with Tyre, we have references to Sheba and Dedan from Cush, as well as from Abraham. We can ascertain who is who from the context of who is mentioned with them from an ethnic and geographical view. Recall point number one in the Introduction.
12 “‘Tarshish [Japan] was your trade partner because of your abundant wealth; they exchanged silver, iron, tin, and lead for your products.
13 Javan [South East Archipelago Asia], Tubal [Coastal China], and Meshech [Central China] were your clients; they exchanged slaves and bronze items for your merchandise. 14 Beth Togarmah [North (South) Korea] exchanged horses, chargers, and mules for your products. 15 TheDedanites [Southern India] were your clients. Many coastlands [East & South East Asia] were your customers; they paid you with ivory tusks and ebony… 22 The merchants of Sheba [Northern India] and Raamah [all India] engaged in trade with you; they traded the best kinds of spices along with precious stones and gold for your products.
20 Dedan [Abraham] was your client in saddle cloths for riding. 21 Arabia [Joktan & Abraham] and all the princes of Kedar [Ishmael] were your trade partners; for lambs, rams, and goats they traded with you. 23 Haran, Kanneh, Eden, merchants from Sheba [Abraham], Asshur [Russia], and Kilmad were your clients. 24 They traded with you choice garments, purple [feature of Tyre and Phoenicians] clothes and embroidered work, and multicolored carpets bound and reinforced with cords; these were among your merchandise.
The second stated Dedan and the second Sheba are related to Abraham and the peoples mentioned with them are descended from Shem. Sheba and Dedan of Raamah and Cush are in bold. The mention of ‘precious stones’ is worth noting as India’s second biggest export are Gems and precious metals. Peter Unseth, comments on this in the article we read earlier – emphasis & bold mine:
‘In Job 28:19, in a reference to the surpassing quality of a topaz, Job speaks of the “topaz of kush”. (The identification of the exact stone is not precise.) There are no topaz (or other similar gems) found in Ethiopia [but there is in India], at least not in the quantity to be known outside of the immediate area. The point of the reference to Kush is to assert its quality, the particular geography of its origin is not the point of the passage [disagree, as it is part of the point]. “Here the place name probably designates the quality of the gem and not its place of origin”(Reyburn 1992:512)Following this line of reasoning, GNB translates this “the finest topaz”.’
Once we understand where Cush is located today, then this verse is remarkable in its accuracy. It is actually stating a precious gem, from the modern geographic location of Cush. Topaz is found in India and anciently, it was one of twelve precious stones esteemed in Indian culture and medicine.
Job 28:19
New Century Version
The topaz from Cush cannot compare to wisdom; it cannot be bought with the purest gold.
Diamond mining extends back into Indian antiquity. Anciently, India was the source of nearly all the world’s known diamonds. In fact, until the discovery of diamonds in Brazil in 1726, India was the only place where diamonds were mined.
Psalm 72:10, 15
English Standard Version
May the kings of Tarshish [Japan] and of the coastlands [East & South East Asia] render him tribute; may the kings of Sheba [Northern India] and Seba [Sri Lanka] bring gifts! Long may he live; may gold of Sheba be given to him…
India is number four in the world, in the top ten countries with the most natural resources. India’s mining sector contributes 11% of the country’s industrial GDP and 2.5% of its total Gross Domestic Product. In 2010 the mining and metal industry was worth over $106.4 billion. India’s coal reserves are the fourth largest in the world and its other natural resources include ‘bauxite, chromite, diamonds, limestone, natural gas, petroleum, and titanium ore. India provides over 12% of global thorium, over 60% of global mica production, and is the leading producer of manganese ore.’
In Ezekiel 38:13 ESV: India, as we saw earlier with Japan, stands against the great Chinese military alliance of the far future. This is in keeping with current geo-political alliances. Both Japan and India favour a relationship with the United States, South Korea and Taiwan. Whereas China aligns with Russia, North Korea and Pakistan.
Sheba and Dedan [Northern and Southern India] and the merchants of Tarshish [Japan] and all its leaders will say to you [refer Chapter X China: Magog, Tubal & Meshech], ‘Have you come to seize spoil? Have you assembled your hosts to carry off plunder, to carry away silver and gold, to take away livestock and goods, to seize great spoil?’
Joel 3:8
Young’s Literal Translation
And have sold your sons and your daughters into the hand of the sons of Judah, And they have sold them to Shabeans [H7615 from H7614, Sheba: Genesis 10:7],unto a nation far off…
Most translations say Sabeans as in Seba, meaning Sri Lanka. It should read Sheba, as the people involved are being sold to a powerful nation and thus, India makes contextual sense. Sheba is also shown to be dominant over his brother Dedan in the scriptures. The link with Judah is also a significant clue [refer Chapter XXX Judah & Benjamin – the Regal Tribes].
Chapter eighteen of Isaiah is dedicated to Cush. Verse 1 and 2 ESV:
Ah, land of whirring wings [Havilah] that is beyond the rivers of Cush [such as the Ganga (Ganges), Godavari, Brahmaputra and Krishna, the four longest rivers], which sends ambassadors by the sea, in vessels of papyrus on the waters!
Go, you swift messengers, to a nation tall and smooth [Seba], to a people feared near and far, a nation mighty [India] and conquering, whose land the rivers divide [India a country crisscrossed by nine major rivers].
Ezekiel 30:3-5, 9
English Standard Version
3 For the day is near, the day of the Lord is near; it will be a day of clouds, a time of doom for the nations. 4 A sword shall come upon Egypt [Mizra],and anguish shall be in Cush, when the slain fall in Egypt, and her wealth is carried away [by the King of the North], and her foundations are torn down. 5 Cush, andPut, and Lud, and all Arabia, and Libya and the people of the land that is in league, shall fall with them by the sword. 9 “On that day messengers shall go out from me in ships to terrify the unsuspecting people of Cush, and anguish shall come upon them on the day of Egypt’s doom; for, behold, it comes!
Ezekiel 38:1-2,5-6
English Standard Version
The word of the Lord came to me: “Son of man, set your face toward Gog [the ruler], of the land of Magog [northern China], the chief prince of Meshech [Central China] and Tubal [Coastal China], and prophesy against him… Persia [Elam], Cush, and Put are with them, all of them with shield and helmet; Gomer [Continental South east Asia] and all his hordes; Beth-togarmah [(North) Korea] from the uttermost parts of the north with all his hordes – many peoples are with you.
We learned in verse thirteen that Cush, comprised of Sheba and Dedan with Tarshish of Japan are not aligned with Magog of China in the powerful future military alliance. Yet, verse 5 says Cush is an ally. India presumably begins in the alliance, to then later withdraw.
Other noteworthy verses regarding Cush, include Isaiah 20:1-6, Jeremiah 46:9, Ezekiel 27:10, 29:10, Habakkuk 3:7, Amos 9:7, Nahum 3:9 and Zephaniah 2:12.
Steven Collins, an experienced and knowledgable Identity researcher concurs with an identification of Sheba and Dedan with India; for he states on his website:
‘“Sheba and Dedan” are increasingly looking like the nation of modern India, as is discussed in my May 2, 2007 Prophecy Blog entry entitled “Will India and the USA Become Allies?” India is a large democracy with an English-speaking history from its membership in the British Empire [and Commonwealth]. It is increasingly being drawn toward the West via economic ties as well as mutual concerns about Islamic terrorism and the rapid militarization of China.’
Jeremiah 13:23
English Standard Version
Can the Ethiopian change his skin or the leopard his spots…
The people of Cush were identifiable by their dark skin. We read the following regarding Moses’s third wife. Presumably, his second wife had died at this point and Moses’s sister and brother took umbrage.
Numbers 12:1-3, 9-11
English Standard Version
Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses because of the Cushite woman whom he had married… And they said, “Has the Lord indeed spoken only through Moses? Has he not spoken through us also?” And the Lord heard it. Now the man Moses was very meek, more than all people who were on the face of the earth. And the anger of the Lord was kindled against them, and he departed. When the cloud removed from over the tent, behold, Miriam was leprous, like snow.
And Aaron turned toward Miriam, and behold, she was leprous. And Aaron said to Moses, “Oh, my lord, do not punish us because we have done foolishly and have sinned.
It is ironic that Miriam’s condemnation of Moses taking a dark skinned wife, led to her becoming as white as snow. We read in 1 Kings and also the Song of Solomon – all eight chapters – about Solomon meeting the Queen of Sheba. Judging from the accounts, they were quite enamoured with each other.
1 Kings 10: 1-13
English Standard Version
Now when the queen of Sheba [reigned 960 to 945 BCE] heard of the fame of Solomon [reigned 970 to 930 BCE] concerning the name of the Lord, she came to test him with hard questions [circa 955 BCE]. 2 She came to Jerusalem with a very great retinue, with camels bearing spices and very much gold and precious stones. And when she came to Solomon, she told him all that was on her mind. 3 And Solomon answered all her questions; there was nothing hidden from the king that he could not explain to her. 4 And when the queen of Sheba had seen all the wisdom of Solomon, the house^ that he had built [Temple completed 959 BCE, 1 Kings 6:38], 5 the food of his table, the seating of his officials, and the attendance of his servants, their clothing, his cupbearers, and his burnt offerings that he offered at the house of the Lord, there was no more breath in her.
6 And she said to the king, “The report was true that I heard in my own land of your words and of your wisdom, 7 but I did not believe the reports until I came and my own eyes had seen it. And behold, the half was not told me. Your wisdom and prosperity surpass the report that I heard. 8 Happy are your men! Happy are your servants, who continually stand before you and hear your wisdom! 9 Blessed be the Lord your God, who has delighted in you and set you on the throne of Israel! Because the Lord loved Israel forever, he has made you king, that you may execute justice and righteousness.”
10 Then she gave the king 120 talents of gold, anda very great quantity of spicesand precious stones. Never again came such an abundance of spices as these that the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon. 11 Moreover, the fleet of Hiram, which brought gold from Ophir, brought from Ophir a very great amount of almug wood and precious stones. 12 And the king made of the almug wood supports for the house^ of the Lord [Temple construction began in 966 BCE] and for the king’s house, also lyres and harps for the singers. No such almug wood has come or been seen to this day. 13 And King Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba all that she desired, whatever she asked besides what was given her by the bounty of King Solomon. So she turned and went back to her own land with her servants.
Song of Solomon 1:5-6
New English Translation
I am dark [H7838 – shachowr: Black, jet black, dusky] but lovely, O maidens of Jerusalem, dark like the tents of Qedar [Kedar, son of Ishmael], lovely like the tent curtains of Salmah. Do not stare at me because I am dark [H7840 – scharyah: blackish, swarthy], for the sun has burned [scorched] my skin.
Footnotes: The [second use of the] term “dark” does not appear in the Hebrew in this line but is supplied in the translation from the preceding line for the sake of clarity. The terms “black but beautiful” in the A-line are broken up – the B-line picks up on “black” and the C-line picks up on “beautiful.” The Beloved was “black” like the rugged tents of Qedar woven from the wool of black goats, but “beautiful” as the decorative inner tent-curtains of King Solomon (J. L. Kugel, The Idea of Biblical Poetry, 40; W. G. E. Watson, Classical Hebrew Poetry, 181).
In an article entitlted, The Dynasty of Moses and the Queen of Sheba, Hope of Israel Ministries, adds fascinating details of an amazing forerunner romance that preceded Solomon and the Queen of Sheba – capitalisation theirs, emphasis & bold mine:
‘In the book of Deuteronomy… God made Moses an amazing promise. After Israel had sinned, and made a golden calf to worship, Yehovah was furious. He declared to Moses: “I have seen this people, and behold, it is a stiffnecked people: Let me alone, that I may destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven: and I will make of thee a nation MIGHTIER AND GREATER THAN THEY” (Deuteronomy 9:13-14). Moses, however, interceded for the people, and turned away… God’s wrath from them (verses 18-19, 22-29).
However, prior to Moses leaving Egypt, the Jewish historian Josephus points out that he had been a great general who led Pharaoh’s army to victory over the kingdom of Ethiopia, which had conquered most of Egypt. While attacking the Ethiopian capital city, Tharbis, the daughter of the king of Ethiopia, became enamoured of Moses, seeing his valiant exploits, and bargained to deliver the city into his hands if he would but marry her. Moses agreed, and she fulfilled her promise – and Moses married her, and fulfilled the obligation of a husband to her, causing her to become pregnant (Josephus, Antiquities, II, x). This occurred sometime before 1532 B.C., when Moses was driven out of Egypt for slaying an Egyptian (Exodus 2: 11-15). The vitally important royal city where this conflict culminated was “Saba.” Josephus relates:
Moses will be a subject of study in another chapter [Refer Chapter XXXI Reuben, Simeon, Levi & Gad – the Celtic Tribes and Appendix VII: Moses & the Exodus – Fabrication or Fact?]. Accordingly, Moses was born later than the article proposes, in 1526 BCE. Moses fled from Egypt at forty years of age in 1486 BCE. His campaign in Cush would have been circa 1506 to 1496 BCE [refer Appendix IV: An Unconventional Chronology].
“…he came upon the Ethiopians before they expected him; and, joining battle with them, he beat them, and deprived them of the hopes they had of success against the Egyptians, and went on in overthrowing their cities, and indeed made a great slaughter of these Ethiopians… the Ethiopians were in danger of being reduced to slavery, and all sorts of destruction; and at length they retired to SABA, which was a royal city of Ethiopia, which Cambyses afterward named MEROE, after the name of his own sister.
The place was to be beseiged with very great difficulty, since it was both encompassed by the Nile quite round, andthe other rivers...” (Antiquities II, X, 2). ‘The Greek historian Herodotus spoke of Meroe, or Saba, as “…a great city, the name of which is MEROE. This city is said to be the mother of all Ethiopia” (The History, pages 142-143, quoted in The Sign and the Seal, page 448).’
‘When Egyptian history is properly restored and reconstructed, this event means that Moses’ son by Queen Tharbis became the progenitor of a line of Ethiopian [Cushite] kings. When Israel left Egypt in 1492 B.C., [1446 BCE] the land of Egypt was in a shambles – utterly destroyed, as the Papyrus Ipuwerstates with awesome clarity in describing the plagues which fell upon that land – including the plague of blood. The papyrus also shows that invaders from the east, the Hyksos, conquered northern Egypt (lower Egypt) and dominated the region as cruel “shepherd kings” for about 500 years. These “Hyksos” were the Amalekites who fought the children of Israel in Sinai as they left Egypt (Exodus 18). They were not thrown out of Egypt until the reign of king Saul of Israel, who conquered the Amalekites in Arabia (I Samuel 15), and Samuel the prophet slew their king Agag (vs. 32-33) [refer Chapter XXIX Esau: The Thirteenth Tribe].
At this same time, the famous and powerful Eighteenth Dynasty arose in southern Egypt and Ethiopia – a dynasty of dark-skinned kings and queens! Among the famous kings of this powerful dynasty, which overthrew the Hyksos and conquered northern (lower) Egypt, Immanuel Velikovsky writes in Ages in Chaos: “The kingdom of Egypt, after regaining independence under AHMOSE, a contemporary of Saul, also achieved grandeur and glory under Amenhotep I, THUTMOSE I, Hatshepsut, and THUTMOSE III. Egypt, devastated and destitute in the centuries under the rule of the Hyksos, rapidly grew in riches” (page 103).
Notice the strange sounding names of this line of kings from southern Egypt and Ethiopia – they contain the name of their ancestor, who was none other than the Biblical MOSES! Why would Egyptian kings of the most powerful dynasty that ever ruled Egypt be called by the name of Moses, and be named after Moses? Because this dynasty of kings and queens was descended from Tharbis, who became Queen of Ethiopia, and her husband was none other than Moses!’
The first Pharaoh to incorporate moses as part of his name was a Pharaoh during the period of the Exodus, Pharaoh Dudimose I who reigned from 1450 to 1446 BCE. Though he was contemporaneous with Moses, he was not the Pharaoh of the Exodus as we shall discover. Some commentators have stated ‘moses’ is a title or rank rather than a personal name, so as to minimise or eliminate Moses from Egypt’s historical record. It is possible it became a title during and after the famous Moses had left his mark on Egyptian history.
‘As Josephus writes, after she delivered up the impregnable city of Saba to Moses, “No sooner was the agreement made, but it took effect immediately; and when Moses had cut off the Ethiopians, he gave thanks to God, and consummated his marriage, and led the Egyptians back to their own land” (Antiquities II, x, 2).
Notice! The royal city where this marriage was consummated was “Saba.” Saba can be none other than the same as Sheba! Thus, the Queen of Sheba, whom Josephus says was the Queen of Ethiopia and Egypt, who visited Solomon in 992 B.C., [circa 958 to 945 BCE] roughly 540 years after Moses married the Ethiopian princess, came from this same royal city of Saba-Sheba. This means that she was a royal descendant of Moses and Tharbis, the daughter of the king of Ethiopia – a descendant of Moses!
… God fulfilled his promise to make a powerful dynasty of kings from the loins of Moses. And in the days of Solomon, the Queen of Sheba – Hatshepsut [ruled Egypt 960 to 945 BCE],her Egyptian name, or Makeda, her Ethiopian name – like Tharbis, her ancestor, had a love affair or romance with a Hebrew leader – King Solomon. Thereby the royal lines of Moses [from the tribe of Levi]and David [from the tribe of Judah] became intertwined, and have ruled in the nation of Ethiopia [higher castes in the people of Cush] ever since…
The very name “Hatshepsut” itself may be indicative of the fact that this famous Queen, who visited the land of Punt, the “Divine Land,” and who built a temple on the banks of the Nile at Thebes in upper Egypt patterned after Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem, was indeed the Queen of Sheba. “Ha,” in Hebrew, means “the.” “Sut is a suffix which may relate to royalty. Thus her actual name is “Shep,” but nominatives are often interchangeable, and it could be rendered “Sheb,”that is, SHEBA – thus her very name could mean, “The Sheba Queen,” or“The Queen of Sheba.”
Interestingly, historians know that the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, at its most powerful, was a [black] dynasty –that is, Ethiopian or Nubian! On page 105 of his book Ages in Chaos, Velikovsky has a plate showing the visage of Queen Hatshepsut, courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It is a regal looking statue showing her distinctive Ethiopian features, or a mixture of Ethiopian and Semitic – but of course, for she was the descendant of Tharbis and Moses!
Was Hatshepsut the same person as the Queen of Sheba, or the Queen of Ethiopia, as Josephus states clearly that the Queen of Sheba was? The Ethiopian name of this Queen, who visited Solomon and had a son by him, was Makeda. Did Hatshepsut have this as her personal name? Velikovsky quotes the Karnak obelisk, in Breasted, Records, volume II, section 325, in its description of the famous Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut: “Thy name reaches as far as the circuit of heaven, the fame of MAKERE(Hatshepsut)encircles the sea”(Ages in Chaos, page 105).
Makere is clearly the same name as Makeda, the Ethiopian name for the Queen of Sheba or Saba. The term “Sheba” or “Saba” refers to the name of the famous Ethiopian royal city at the confluence of the Nile and two other Ethiopian rivers, at the upper reaches of the Nile! The word “Ethiopia”is a Greek word meaning “burnt faces.” The Hebrew word Cush, translated as “Ethiopia,” was used in Biblical times to refer to “the entire Nile Valley south of Egypt, including Nubia and Abyssinia” (Edward Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible, page 5, quoted in The Sign and the Seal, page 450).
The 1955 Revised Constitution of Ethiopia confirms the age-old monarchy’s Divine Right to rule. It states: “The Imperial dignity shall remain perpetually attached to the line of Haile Selassie I, whose line descends without interruption from the dynasty of Menelik I, son of the Queen of Ethiopia, the Queen of Sheba, and King Solomon of Jerusalem…” (ibid., page 24). Haile Selassie, the former Emperor of Ethiopia, claimed to be the 225th direct line descendant of Menelik I, the son of the Queen of Sheba or Saba, the royal city and “mother” city of all Ethiopia. Thus her Biblical name, “Queen of Sheba,” actually helps to prove her true identity!’
The above claim of lineage by Haile Selassie of the nation of Ethiopia, is included for interest and not proof [refer Chapter XII Canaan & Africa]. If Moses’s first wife was a descendant from Cush, then it is not such a random act for Moses to later take another Cushite woman as his third wife.
Was Hatshepsut the Queen of Sheba – or Merely the Queen of Theba? By Emmet Sweeney – emphasis & bold mine:
‘In the Old Testament she is named simply “Queen of Sheba,” but in the Gospel of Matthew [12.42] she is called “Queen of the South”. Both these titles point directly to Egypt.
In the Book of Daniel the Ptolemaic pharaoh is named “King of the South” on several occasions. It may be that this was not the most common biblical designation for the Egyptian ruler, but its occurrence in Daniel, without any explanatory comments, proves beyond question that it was a commonly-used expression. And the king of the south shall be strong … and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north … and shall also carry captives into Egypt … So the king of the south shall come into his own kingdom and return to his own land (Daniel 11, v. 5-9).
It should be noted that the Book of Daniel is generally dated to the first century BC, whilst the Gospel of Matthew seems to have been written in the third quarter of the first century AD. Evidently, during this century or two, “monarch of the south” was an accepted term for the Egyptian ruler… Hatshepsut was… very definitely a Queen of the South. She was also, as we shall now see, a Queen of Sheba.
The capital of Egypt during the Eighteenth Dynasty was the mighty city of Thebes. Modern Egyptologists still use this name, which is derived from the Greeks. Where the Greeks got it has always been a mystery, since the native name of the metropolis, in the hieroglyphs, is read as Wa-se or Wa-she (actually, the glyphs used are that of the scepter – written as Uas-t by Budge – and that of a plant and an arm – written as Shema or Sh-a by Budge: thus Uas-sha or Was-sha).
… Lisa Liel of Israel, an authority on both hieroglyphic and cuneiform scripts, pointed out to me that in her opinion the word should be read as Se-wa or She-wa, since the spellings of hieroglyphic names vary and in addition are often written not precisely as they should be pronounced. In fact, spellings often had more to do with aesthetics or religious sentiment than with strict phonetics. Thus the name Tutankhamen is actually written as Amen-tutankh (since the god’s name had to come first) and the names of the Senwosret pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty appear in the hieroglyphs as Wsr-t-sn. One might also note that various pharaohs whose names are made up of the elements Ka-nefer-re are alternately named Nefer-ka-ra (in actual fact the name appears in the hieroglyphs normally as Ra-nefer-ka).
Now, if Thebes’ Egyptian name is really Shewa(Sheba) then a whole host of hitherto mysterious facts become comprehensible. First and foremost, we now know where the Greeks got the word Thebes (Theba). A normal linguistic mutation (lisping) turns “s” or “sh” into “th.” Thus for example the Persians called Assyria, Athuria. Secondly, we know why Josephus called the capital of Ethiopia (i.e. Upper Egypt/Nubia) by the name Saba or Shaba. Finally, we understand the significance of the name of another cult shrine of the god Amon – the oasis of Siwa.
Thus the two titles by which the Queen of Sheba is known in the biblical story clearly identify her as a queen of Egypt. Yet the connection between Egypt and the terms Queen of Sheba and Queen of the South still however leaves us with the question: Why did the biblical authors prefer these terms to “Egypt”? One possible answer, which may or may not be of value, is that the Jewish chroniclers were keenly aware of the Nubian (ie“Ethiopian”) origin of the Eighteenth Dynasty. To call the Queen of Sheba an Egyptian would thus, perhaps, have been (in their minds at least) a slight inaccuracy.
We recall here that a generation or so after the time of Solomon, Israel was attacked by an “Ethiopian” ruler named Zerah. Everyone, even mainstream scholars, agree that this “Ethiopian” king was an Egyptian pharaoh (he is said to have brought an army of Libyans [Phut] and Ethiopians [Cush] against Israel), and the present writer agrees with Velikovsky in identifying this man withAmenhotep II[7th king of the 18th Dynasty 912-887 BCE] – a man whose Nubian ethnic identity is very clear in the portrayals of him that have survived.’
There are scholars and commentators that refute Hatshephut as being the same person as the Queen of Sheba and the Biblical narrative as authentic; but in so doing, do not provide a viable, believable or provable alternative.
Matthew 12:42
Amplified Bible
The Queen of the South (Sheba) will stand up [as a witness] at the judgment against this generation [the last generation], and will condemn it because she came from the ends of the earth to listen to the wisdom of Solomon; and now, something greater than Solomon is here [the Messiah].
The term Queen of the South is a tantalising clue as it confirms the status of India on the world stage, while at the same time excluding it from the future confederate Islamic nations incorporating the King of the South: Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Indonesia and possibly Bangladesh.
Anil Gupta predicts that India will become a superpower this century and that due to ‘India’s functional institutions of democracy, it will emerge as a desirable, entrepreneurial and resource and energy-efficient… full-fledged economic superpower by 2025’ [refer article: 2050] India did briefly become the world’s fastest growing economy in 2015 but since 2018 growth has declined below China’s. Robyn Meredith notes that ‘some of India’s achievements, such as working to dismantle the centuries-old caste system and maintaining the world’s largest diverse democracy, are historically unprecedented.’
Fareed Zakaria offers that India’s young population allied with the second largest English speaking population in the world could give India an advantage over China. Thus by 2050, India’s per capita income could rise by twenty times its current level. Another strength, is that India has maintained a democratic government, lasting for over seventy years, providing long-term stability and in the process giving India a stable name. Clyde Prestowitz founder and president of the Economic Strategy Institute and former counselor to the Secretary of Commerce in the Ronald Reagan administration, said: “It is going to be India’s century. India is going to be the biggest economy in the world. It is going to be the biggest superpower of the 21st century.”
Parag Khanna believes India along with China will grow ever stronger as the West stagnates. Though he stresses that India is lagging behind by several decades in development and ‘strategic appetite.’ He added that India is “big but not important” as it has a successful professional class, yet many millions of its citizens still live in abject poverty. Khanna also wrote that it ‘matters that China borders a dozen more countries than India and is not hemmed in by a vast ocean and the world’s tallest mountains.’ Manjari Chatterjee Miller, at Boston University ‘argues that India is a “would-be” great power but “resists its own rise” and that “India’s inability to develop top-down, long-term strategies means that it cannot systematically consider the implications of its growing power. So long as this remains the case, the country will not play the role in global affairs that many expect.”
Some readers will have been doing mental cartwheels from the moment it was suggested India is composed of two brothers, Sheba and Dedan. As the ‘Aryans’ of the north appear to be physically, diametrically opposite in contrast with the Dravidians of the south. How could they possibly be blood brothers?
It is quite a hot topic and subject of debate regarding how different the two peoples of India appear to be… or are they? We will hope to understand this question by the end of the section on Cush.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary [third edition 2009], the name ‘India’ is derived from the Classical Latin of India; a reference to South Asia and the region to its east. Derived successively from Hellenistic Greek for India, the ancient Greek Indos, the Old Persian Hindush – an eastern province of the Achaemenid empire – and finally, the Sanskrit, Sindhu, or ‘river’, for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to India as Indoi; translated as ‘The people of the Indus.’ The term Bharat, mentioned in Indian epic poetry and India’s Constitution is used by many Indian languages. The modern rendering of the historical name Bharatavarsha – which applied to a region of the Gangetic Vally – is Hindustan, a Middle Persian name for India, introduced during the Mughal Empire. Its meaning varied between referring to a region encompassing present day northern India with Pakistan, and to India in its near entirety.
India has the fifth largest economy in the world and a GDP of $2.87 trillion in 2019 – 4% higher than in 2018. With its large population, India has the lowest per capita GDP amongst the twenty-five biggest economies in the world and is the third largest by purchasing power parity, or PPP with $9.56 trillion.With an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, India is one of the world’s fastest-growing economies. ‘India’s economy is a mixture of traditional village farming and handicrafts alongside booming modern industry and mechanized agriculture. India is a major exporter of technology services and business outsourcing, and the service sector makes up a large share of its economic output. Liberalization of India’s economy since the 1990’s has boosted economic growth, but inflexible business regulation, widespread corruption, and persistent poverty pose challenges to ongoing expansion.’ India is a global economic power in the making, in the vein of china.
‘The following export product groups categorize the highest dollar value in Indian global shipments during 2021.
Mineral fuels including oil: US$56.4 billion
Gems, precious metals: $38.2 billion
Machinery including computers: $24.2 billion
Iron, steel: $21.2 billion
Organic chemicals: $21.2 billion
Pharmaceuticals: $19.5 billion
Vehicles: $18.9 billion
Electrical machinery, equipment: $18.8 billion
Cereals: $12.4 billion
Cotton: $10 billion
Mineral fuels including oil was the fastest grower among the top 10 export categories, up by 104.1% from 2020 to 2021. That product category was propelled by higher international revenues from India’s exported refined petroleum oil. In second place for improving export sales was iron and steel via a 99.4% gain.’
Of the nations with the largest gold reserves, India ranks ninth, one place behind Japan. It has 687.8 tonnes, which represents 6.5 percent of its foreign reserves. The Bank of India in fact, has one of the largest stores of gold in the world and India is the ‘second largest consumer of the precious metal, and is one of the most reliable drivers of global demand.’
After World War I – in which one million Indians served – a new period began in India. The British brought reforms but also repressive legislation, leading to a deepening Indian preoccupation with self-rule. A non-violent movement of non-co-operation began. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become its leader, figurehead and enduring symbol. At this time there was also an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. Ultimately, independence was achieved in 1947; tempered by the partition of the British Indian Empire into two independent states: a Hindu majority Dominion of India and a Muslim majority Dominion of Pakistan. Havoc ensued with ‘unprecedented migration amid large-scale loss of life.’
‘Economic liberalisation, which began in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into one of the world’s fastest growing economies,and increased its geopolitical clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture.Yet, India is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban; by religious and caste-related violence, by Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies; and by separatism in Jammu and Kashmir and… unresolved territorial disputes with’ [both] China and… Pakistan.
India has two major language families, Indo-Aryan spoken by about 74% of the population and Dravidian, spoken by 24% of the population. ‘Other languages spoken in India come from the Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan language families. India has no national language.Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the government.English is used extensively in business and administration…’
There are approximately 245 million native speakers of Dravidian languages.Dravidian speakers form the majority of the population of Southern India from Dedan* and are also found in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bhutan. The origins of the Dravidians are considered a ‘very complex subject of research and debate.’
The origin of the Sanskrit word dravida is Tamil. Sanskrit tradition used the word to denote the geographical region of Southern India and according to one source, dravida in Sanskrit means ‘surrounded by water’ or ‘a Peninsula.’
‘Epigraphic evidence of an ethnic group termed as such is found in ancient India where a number of inscriptions have come to light datable from the sixth to the fifth century BCE mentioning Damela or Dameda persons’.*
‘Dravidian grammatical impact on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is considered far greater than the Indo-Aryan grammatical impact on Dravidian. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum. There are also hundreds of Dravidian loanwords in Indo-Aryan languages, and vice versa.
Studies have shown that the Indian subcontinent houses two major ancestral components: ‘the Ancestral North Indians (ANI) which is broadly related to West Eurasians and the Ancestral South Indians (ASI) which is clearly distinct from ANI.Later, a component termed “AASI” (found to be the predominant element in ASI), was distinguished in subsequent studies.’
An online Encyclopaedia – emphasis & bold mine:
‘As no “ASI” or “AASI” ancient DNA is available, the indigenous Andamanese (exemplified by the Onge, a possibly distantly related population native to the Andaman Islands) is used as an (imperfect) proxy. The two groups (ANI and ASI) extensively mixed in India between 4,200 and 1,900 years ago (2200 BCE-100 CE).
In fact, Dr. David Reich states that sometime between 1,900 and 4,200 years ago, “profound, pervasive convulsive mixture [between the ANI and ASI] occurred, affecting every Indo-European and Dravidian group in India without exception.”Because of this mixing, according to Reich et al., both ANI and ASI ancestry are found all over the subcontinent (in both northern and southern India) in varying proportions, and that “ANI ancestry ranges from 39-71% in India, andis higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers”.
According to a large craniometric study (Raghavan and Bulbeck et al. 2013) the native populations of India and Sri Lanka have distinct craniometric and anthropologic ancestry. Both southern and northern groups are most similar to each other also show deep relations to populations ofEurope, the Middle East and North Africa [not really Europe, partially North Africa and mainly the Middle East]. The study further showed that the native South Asians, north and south, form a unique group distinct from “Australo-Melanesians”. However Raghavan and Bulbeck et al., while noting the differences of South Asian from Andamanese and Australoid crania, while alsonoting the distinctiveness… between South Asian and Andamanese crania, explain that this is not in conflict with genetic evidence showing a partial common ancestry and genetic affinity between South Asians and the native Andamanese, stating that “the differences may be in part due the greater craniometric specialisation of South Asians compared to Andamanese.’
The Andamanese are Negrito peoples living on islands in the southeastern region of the Bay of bengal in Southeast Asia. They are related to the Negritos and Melanesians of the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Australia.
As stated above and highly significant for the Andamanese [AASI] – and by implication all Melanesians – is the admittance that the cranial structure of an Australian Aborigine for example even though bigger, is still in genetic proportion to a person from Southern India [ASI].
Compare a Dravidian and an Aborigine, side-by-side and the resemblance** is clear, as stated earlier. It is interesting to note that we earlier identified the Polynesian-Micronesian and Filipino peoples as linked with Rodan and Dodan from Javan [refer Chapter VII Javan: Archipelago South eats Asia & Polynesia]. The Negritos are descended from Dedan. Coincidently or not so, the highest number of Negrito peoples from Dedan, are located in Dodan, of the Philippines. As researchers have claimed, there has been significant admixture between Polynesians from Japheth and Melanesians from Ham via inter-marriage, with their Haplogroups supporting this blend.
As we have digressed; let’s look at the Negritos, before returning to India and Cush.
An online Encyclopaedia – emphasis & bold mine:
‘The main paternal haplogroup of the Negritos is K2b in the form of its rare primary clades K2b1 and P (a.k.a. K2b2 or P-P295). Most Aeta males (60%) carry K-P397 (K2b1), which is otherwise uncommon in the Philippines and is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia and Micronesia. Basal P is rare outside the Aeta and some other groups within Maritime Southeast Asia. Some Negrito populations are Haplogroup D-M174, a branch of D-M174 among Andaman Islanders, as well as Haplogroup O-P31 [M268 O1b] which is also common among the now Austroasiatic-speaking Negrito peoples, such as the Maniq and the Semang in Malaysia. The Onge and all the Adamanan Islanders belong strictly to the mitochondrial Haplogroup M. It is also the predominant marker of other Negrito tribes as well as Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. Analysis of mtDNA, which is inherited exclusively by maternal descent, confirms the above results. All Onge belong to mDNA M, which is unique to Onge people.
A 2009 study by the Anthropological Survey of India and the Texas Biomedical Research Institute identified seven genomes from 26 isolated “relic tribes” from the Indian mainland, such as the Baiga tribe, which share “two synonymous polymorphisms with the M42 haplogroup, which is specific to Australian Aborigines“. These were specific mtDNA mutations that are shared exclusively** by Australian aborigines and these Indian tribes, and no other known human groupings.
Bulbeck (2013) shows the Andamanese maternal mtDNA is entirely mitochondrial Haplogroup M. Their Y-DNA belongs to the D haplogroup, which has only been found in Japan and Tibet at low frequencies outside of the Andaman Islands, a fact that underscores the insularity of these tribes.
The word Negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, used to mean “little black person”. Many online dictionaries give the plural in English as either “Negritos” or “Negritoes”, without preference.
The plural in Spanish is “Negritos”.This usage was coined by 16th-century Spanish missionaries operating in the Philippines, and was borrowed by other European travellers and colonialists across Austronesia to label various peoples perceived as sharing relatively small physical stature and dark skin.Contemporary usage of an alternative Spanish epithet, Negrillos, also tended to bundle these peoples with the pygmy peoples of Central Africa, based on perceived similarities in stature and complexion.(Historically, the label Negrito has also been used to refer to African pygmies.)’
Indian men
Dispersals Into India by Rene J Herrera & Ralph Garcia-Bertrand. In Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations, 2018 – emphasis & bold mine:
‘All the mtDNA lineages outside Africa are derived from three deep-rooted (old) founder haplogroups: M, N, and R. This is reminiscent of what is seen in relation to the Y chromosome in which all haplogroups in Eurasia descend from three ancient haplogroups, C, D, and F. In addition, both uniparental genomes (genetic makeup) in the populations of India exhibit little recent mtDNA and Y chromosome impact from non-Indian-Eurasian groups, and no evidence of extinction or replacement of the original settlers has been observed…’
This is an important comment as it reveals that the Indian sub-continent is composed of specific peoples, especially applicable to the north in that they have not been diluted as significantly by Aryan peoples that have invaded and dwelt in Northern India, as many researchers, historians and anthropologists claim.
‘The very similar ages of haplogroups M, N, and R, 61,300, 64,100, and 65,500 ya, respectively, are congruent with a single early migration, possibly made up of several hundred migrants.
Also, it is noteworthy that several subhaplogroups derived from the M, N, and R parent mtDNA types exhibit dates of origins very similar to the parent haplogroups themselves.’
As the mtDNA super Haplogroups M, N and R equate to the split from L3 with L0 to L6 and M being indicative of Ham and his wife, Na’eltama’uk’s descendants and N with Japheth and his wife, ‘Adataneses and R from Shem and his wife, Sedeqetelebab. Haplogroups that derived from these parent Haplogroups, tangible in their offspring the grandchildren of Noah, would therefore, exhibit dates of origins very similar to the parent Haplogroups themselves.
‘This condition suggests that the mutations that define the subhaplogroups of M, N, and R occurred soon after the arrival of AMHs to the subcontinent. It is also likely that population expansion events took place soon after the colonization of South Asia by AMHs. These dispersals clearly extended beyond the borders of the Indian subcontinent and into the rest of Eurasia. These initial population expansion events… resulted in a fivefold increase in the population.
Yet, signals of additional secondary expansions from the Near East to India involving lineages W, U7, and R2 (haplogroups descendants from N and R) are evident, dating to more recent time periods (about 30,000 to 20,000 ya).^
These younger population expansion episodes coincide with humid epochs prior to the LGM 18,000 ya [culminating in the flood circa 10,837 BCE]. Also this radiation and increment in population density coincides with the emergence of a novel, more refined, and sophisticated lithic tradition in India known as the geometric microlithic technology.
There are a number of other parallelisms between Y chromosome and mtDNA inheritance in AMHs with regard to the peopling of South Asia. For example, both sets of uniparental genetic systems indicate that the dispersals that led to the peopling of South Asia occurred soon after sapiens exited Africa [rather, exited the Ark] in a speedy migration [toward India [the Indus Valley, circa 10,000 BCE] and beyond to the east [the West and Mesopotamia, circa 8,000 to 9,000 BCE].
The absence of nucleotide differences in the coding (gene-containing) mtDNA among South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Oceania groups is congruent with a scenario of a brisk dissemination eastward occurring during a time span of thousands of years rather than tens of thousands of years. If the dispersal had been slow, the DNA would have been able to accumulate mutations during the trip.’
This time frame fits the period following the flood, for the dissemination for all the grandsons of Noah and not just Cush’s gene pool. That is, thousands of years have passed since 10,837 BCE rather than tens of thousands of years, which would have been indicative prior to the flood [refer Chapter I Noah Antecessor Nulla]. The mtDNA Haplogroups M, N and R and their descendent groups would be evident from Noah’s birth in 16,837 BCE and filtering from his three sons and their wives, circa 12,000 BCE. Therefore, it would have been between approximately 14,000 to 19,000 years ago for these Haplogroups to arise and mutate.^
‘As with the Y chromosome haplogroups, the mtDNA lineages generally exhibit genetic uniformity among extant Indian populations across language, caste, and tribal groups. This suggests that the arrival of the primal mtDNA types took place before the creation and partitioning of caste and tribal groups. Also, the mtDNA M lineage characterizes populations of East Eurasia, including South Asia, whereas West Eurasian populations feature mtDNA haplogroups N and R and their derivatives.
It is worth noting that a coastal route is also supported by both uniparental genetic markers. Specifically, the absence of mtDNA haplogroup M in contemporaneous Levantine populations suggests that AMHs carrying the mitochondrial M type de-parted Northeast Africa via the Southern route (the Horn of Africa) and continued through the littoral of Iran, Pakistan, and India to the east. The other suprahaplogroup, type N, predominantly of West Eurasia, could have traveled with migrants using the southern (Horn of Africa) or northern (Sinai Peninsula) route, which then moved into the Levant and westward.
Today the most common mtDNA types in the subcontinent are M, R, and U. Haplogroup U is a descendant of R. The ancient M haplogroup and its sublineages constitute about 60% of the overall Indian populace.
M is found at 58% among the cast groups [northern India] and 72% amid the tribes [southern India], with a demic increase toward the south and east of India. As a suprahaplogroup, M contributes considerably to the genetic diversity of the subcontinent.The other 40% of mtDNAs in India belong to suprahaplogroup R.’
Indian women
An online Encyclopaedia, remarks on pertinent points regarding Indian lactose tolerance – emphasis & bold mine:
‘According to Gallego Romero et al. (2011), their research on lactose tolerance in India suggests that “the west Eurasian genetic contribution identified by Reich et al. (2009) principally reflects gene flow from Iran and the Middle East.” Gallego Romero notes that Indians who are lactose-tolerant show a genetic pattern regarding this tolerance which is “characteristic of the common European mutation.”According to Romero, this suggests that “the most common lactose tolerance mutation made a two-way migration out of the Middle East less than 10,000 years ago [post-Flood]. While the mutation spread across Europe, another explorer must have brought the mutation eastward to India – likely traveling along the coast of the Persian Gulf where other pockets of the same mutation have been found.”
Asko Parpola, who regards the Harappans to have been Dravidian, notes that Mehrgarh (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE), to the west of the Indus River valley,is a precursor of the Indus Valley Civilisation, whose inhabitants migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia. According to Mondal et al. 2017, based on paternal DNA analysis,Indians are most closely related to Southern Europeans and people in the Levant and that this relation existed already before Steppe migration: These results suggest that the European-related ancestry in Indian populations might be much older and more complex than anticipated…
Two genetic studies (Shinde et al. 2019 and Narasimhan et al. 2019,) analysing remains from the Indus Valley civilisation (of parts of Bronze Age Northwest India and East Pakistan), found them to have a mixture of ancestry… The analysed samples of both studies have little to none of the “Steppe ancestry” component associated with later Indo-European migrations into India. The authors found that the respective amounts of those ancestries varied significantly between individuals, and concluded that more samples are needed to get the full picture of Indian population* history.’
Lactose tolerance, associated with European peoples is a clue to the fact that Indians though not a European people, but rather a Hamitic line… have a palpable injection of European DNA. This is the reason why there is variance amongst individuals and not a uniform pattern of admixture throughout the Indian population.* Before we address how this admixture originated, a brief description of Lactose and what intolerance to it means.
Lactose is milk sugar, is an essential component of breast milk. Its digestion is made possible by an enzyme, called lactase, which breaks down lactose as simple sugars which can be absorbed into the bloodstream. In most mammals, the production of the lactase enzyme reduces significantly after weaning. Older children and adults become lactose intolerant. This applies to most of the worlds population. Some people possess a genetic mutation that allows the production of lactase through adulthood. This is called lactase persistence [LP].
Lactase persistence is particularly common among Northwest Europeans descended from the ancient Celtic, Nordic and Germanic people. The highest incidence for the lactase persistence alleles, are found among the Scandinavia nations – Sweden, Denmark, Norway – the Dutch, British – England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland – the Irish and Basque peoples.
Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b men in Western European are thought to be the first people on Earth to successfully domesticate cattle and to develop a lifestyle based on cattle husbandry and herding. It is known that most herding societies consumed some animal milk and made cheese from it, as cheese contains less lactose and is easier to digest for lactose intolerant people. Speculations among geneticists and evolutionary biologists regarding the origin of the lactase persistence allele in Europeans are ongoing. The origin of the mutation may have been present at low frequencies in the human gene pool before it underwent positive selective pressure among cattle-herding societies.
The LP allele was found at a frequency of 27% among thirteen individuals from the Lichtenstein Cave in Germany. They belonged to the Urnfield culture and were a mix of Y-Haplogroups R1b, R1a and I2a2. Today, the LP allele is proportional to the percentage of R1b and to a lesser extent R1a, found in a population. In the British Isles, the Low Countries and southwest Scandinavia LP is the highest in the world – the combined percentage of R1a and R1b generally exceeds 70% of these populations. In Iberia, the highest percentage of LP is observed among the Basques, who have the highest percentage of R1b in Europe. In Italy, LP is most common in the north, in proportion to R1b levels. The lowest incidence of LP in Europe is found in Southern Italy, Greece and the Balkans – the regions which have the least R1b lineages.
The Indian population – a people descended from Ham – shows evidence of the presence of a mutation for Lactase persistence universally associated with Shem’s descendants. How did this happen? One of the biggest misconceptions in ethnology and the identity movement, is the belief that the peoples of North Africa, the Middle East, South[west] Asia – and even the Latino-Hispano peoples of the Americas, are akin to European peoples. The Arabs claim to be descended from Ishmael, Abraham’s first son and this has certainly muddied the waters [refer Chapter XIV Mizra: North Africa & Arabia and Chapter XXVIII]. The Indians are labelled Aryans and this has definitely clouded the issue.
The word Aryan, refers to the region of present day Iran and etymologically, Iran and Aryan are the same. The European peoples who once lived there, later encroached on the region now located in northern India. The peoples of Northern India and Cush in turn, have had that name ascribed to them. Northern Indians do exhibit skin tones and facial characteristics that are Aryan, received through admixture. Are the Indians themselves Aryan… no they are not.
We have covered considerable material thus far, which has shown that even though there is a difference between Northern and Southern Indians – these terms preferred to Aryan, Indo-European or Caste and Dravidian or Tribal, [which only confound further] and we would expect a difference, for they are the brothers Sheba and Dedan – we have also seen that they are related, even before any admixture. What is overtly apparent with some of the Northern population, is the evidence of a fusion of European ancestry.
There are two aspects in answering this question. The first is presented by Arthur Kemp in March of the Titans, 1991 & 2016, pages 36-37, 38 – emphasis & bold mine:
‘Around 2000 BC, a sun worshipping Indo-European tribe calling themselves Aryans invaded central Asia and occupied territory as far as the north of India… [using] the Sanskrit written language. By the middle of the sixth century BC the Persian Empire has incorporated Aryana into its boundaries… During the first century AD,the Kushans, an Asiatic race, occupied Aryana… [later] Another branch of the Aryans penetrated as far east as India, where they settled and built a civilization. The invading Aryans were more advanced and referred to the conquered Indians as “Dasyu” – the “dark ones” or slaves.
… a clear distinction was drawn between the two types of people in the Indus River Valley: the “fair” conquering immigrants and the “dark” native people. Within three hundred years… physical mixing… [led to] two racial classes… [and] membership in each class was determined solely by the color of an individual’s skin. This became known as the caste system. The word “caste” was [a Portuguese term]… from the Latin word cactus, meaning pure. The original Sanskrit… was “varna” which means color… the caste system became more… complex, till four major divisions were created… with the highest caste, the Brahmans… being the lightest in color, and the Sudas or “untouchables” being the darkest.
The… Aryan… legacy lives on in the language, religion, and poetry of India – and the caste system. Blue or grey eyes can, however, still be found in the Indian upper classes, which tend to be concentrated in the northern parts of [the] country… Many of these lighter colored Indians become successful actors and actresses in India’s film industry which is nicknamed “bollywood.”’
An online definition of the term caste: ‘caste is not originally an Indian word, though it is now widely used, both in English and in Indian languages. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it is derived from the Portuguese casta, meaning “race, lineage, breed” and, originally, “‘pure or unmixed (stock or breed)”. There is no exact translation in Indian languages, but varna and jati are the two most approximate terms.’
The second aspect stems from those Bible verses we looked at earlier about Moses’s third wife, who was a Cushite and King Solomon’s love affair with the Queen of Sheba – Hatshepsut of Eygpt, also a Cushite – his one true love. Moses had a child with his first wife, the King’s daughter and Hatshepsut was descended from Moses. It is highly probable Moses and his third wife had children. He also had two sons with his second wife, Zipporah the Midianite.
Even though Solomon had 700 wives and 300 concubines [1 Kings 11:3, 43], it doesn’t say that he truly loved any of them. Only one son, Rehoboam who became King of Judah after Solomon died, is mentioned in scripture with two daughters [1 Kings 4:11, 14], Taphath and Basemath – also the name of a daughter of Ishmael, who became a wife of Esau [refer Chapter XXIX Esau: The Thirteenth tribe]. What is astonishing, is that only three children are mentioned, when Solomon must have had many, many children from so many wives. The Kebra Nagast contains a legend that Solomon sired a son with the Queen of Sheba and that she returned to her own land long before this child was born.
Moses was descended from the priestly tribe of Levi and Solomon was from the royal line of the Tribe of Judah. The lines of Moses and Solomon intertwining, while mixing with Cush, creates descendants from either a priestly or a joint priestly and royal line [refer Chapter XXX Judah & Benjamin – the Regal Tribes and Chapter XXXI Reuben, Simeon, Levi & Gad – the Celtic Tribes].
It would certainly be plausible for the royalty of Cush in desiring to protect and elevate those descendants and in so doing, contributing to the evolution of the caste system, to perpetuate these two lines. It also adds explanation to the lightness of skin that the Indians of higher castes exhibit and the physiological impact on Cush’s physiognomy and caste culture. This introduction of not only a priestly line, but also a royal line, would account for the caste system’s emphasis of the two highest, wealthier castes of first: priests, the Brahmins and second rulers, Kshatriyas or Rajanyas.
We will look at this further when studying Jacob’s sons and address a coincidence too striking to ignore, in the comparison of not only Cush’s historical association with Judah and Levi, but also its relationship with them today. Returning to King Solomon’s children and the seemingly glaring omission of them in the Bible. Scripture does offer an answer, though an unpalatable one. It helps to understand why there are no genealogical lists for Solomon’s sons as there are for Saul and David in the Bible and why Solomon is not included in Hebrews Eleven as a man of faith. The chapter reads as a hall of fame for heroes of the Old Testament. Yet Solomon is omitted. We have touched on 1 Kings eleven, regarding Solomon’s wives and concubines:
1 Kings 11:1-13
English Standard Version
Now King Solomon loved [or lusted after] many foreign women, along with the daughter of Pharaoh [Hatshepsut]: Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, Sidonian, and Hittite women, 2 from the nations concerning which the Lord had said to the people of Israel, “You shall not enter into marriage with them, neither shall they with you, for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods.” Solomon clung to these in love. 3 He had 700 wives, who were princesses [of royalty], and 300 concubines. And his wives turned away his heart. 4 For when Solomon was old his wives turned away his heart after other gods, and his heart was not wholly true to the Lord his God, as was the heart of David his father.
5 For Solomon went after Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians, and after Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites. 6 So Solomon did what was evil in the sight of the Lord and did not wholly follow the Lord, as David his father had done. 7 Then Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the abomination of Moab, and for Molech the abomination of the Ammonites, on the mountain east of Jerusalem.* 8 And so he did for all his foreign wives, who made offerings and sacrificed to their gods. 9 And the Lord was angry with Solomon, because his heart had turned away fromthe Lord, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice 10 and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods. But he did not keep what the Lord commanded.
11 Therefore the Lord said to Solomon, “Since this has been your practice and you have not kept my covenant and my statutes that I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom from you and will give it to your servant. 12 Yet for the sake of David your father I will not do it in your days, but I will tear it out of the hand of your son. 13 However, I will not tear away all the kingdom, but I will give one tribe to your son [Rehoboam], for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem that I have chosen.”
Worshipers of gods such as Chemosh and Molech practiced human sacrifice – the inhumane sacrificing of babies. Chemosh, Molech and Milcom, are names for gods within the pantheon of Ba’al. The Jewish Encylopaedia maintains that Solomon built a temple to Chemosh on the Mount of Olives* which remained in use for over four hundred years – from circa 940 to 540 BCE.
Deuteronomy 12:29-31
English Standard Version
29 “When the Lord your God cuts off before you the nations whom you go in to dispossess, and you dispossess them and dwell in their land, 30 take care that you be not ensnared to follow them, after they have been destroyed before you, and that you do not inquire about their gods, saying, ‘How did these nations serve their gods? – that I also may do the same.’ 31 You shall not worship the Lord your God in that way, for every abominable thing that the Lord hates they have done for their gods, for they even burn their sons and their daughters in the fire to their gods.
Idols were composed of metal and fierce fires were heated inside the sculpture so it became cremation-level-hot. Worshipers placed babies onto the idol’s outstretched hands whereupon they burned to death. The hands could be winched so that the hands raised and then dropped the sacrifice into the idols mouth as if eating.
Isaiah 57:5-10
English Standard Version
… you who burn with lust [sexual rituals and magic] among the oaks, under every green tree [Asherah], who slaughter your children in the valleys, under the clefts of the rocks. On a high and lofty mountain [Nephilim related] you have set your bed, andthere you went up to offer sacrifice…
You journeyed to the king [Solomon] with oil and multiplied your perfumes; you sent your envoys far off, and sent down even to Sheol [Hell]. You were wearied with the length of your way, but you did not say, “It is hopeless”; you found new life for your strength, and so you were not faint.
King Solomon’s Worshipful Offering to Molech.
Illustration from the 1897 Bible Pictures and What They Teach Us by Charles Foster.
Leviticus 20:1-5
English Standard Version
20 The Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 2 “Say to the people of Israel, Any one of the people of Israel or of the strangers who sojourn in Israel who gives any of his children to Molech shall surely be put to death. The people of the land shall stone him with stones. 3 I myself will set my face against that man and will cut him off from among his people, because he has given one of his children to Molech, to make my sanctuary unclean and to profane my holy name. 4 And if the people of the land do at all close their eyes to that man when he gives one of his children to Molech, and do not put him to death, 5 then I will set my face against that man and against his clan and will cut them off from among their people, him and all who follow him in whoring after Molech.
Atrocity of the highest order and we can understand why the Creator became wrathful with Solomon and why the Kingdom of Israel later fragmented into two – the kingdoms of Israel and Judah – and if the false idol temple remained in Jerusalem for some four hundred years, this takes us to the time period when Judah ultimately fell in 587 and 586 BCE, with their punishment leading to captivity.
These sacrificial ceremonies were ancient and practised by Nimrod and the Nephilim before him. We will also find that a specific son of Jacob had and still continues, a propensity for these occult practices and that the powerful and prevalent backdrop of child sacrifice, looms large as a dark shadow over the account of the God who demanded Abraham to offer up his son Isaac [refer Chapter XXVII].
Finally, recall when we studied Tiras in Chapter III; sources claimed he had a descendant called Cushni, who had granddaughters that had married into Cush and Phut and Canaan’s families. It may explain the difference between North American Indians and those from Central and South America. It also connects the American Indian by more than just a name with their counterparts in the Indian Sub-Continent.
Next, is Ham’s third son Phut; the people who comprise the nation of Pakistan.
Flags of India and Pakistan
Herman Hoeh writes – emphasis & bold mine:
‘Ham had another son, Phut or Put – it is spelled both ways in the Bible. Here is what Josephus writes about the people of Phut. “Phut also was the founder of Libya (by which he means [North] Africa), and called the inhabitants Phutites, from himself: there is also a river in the country of the Moors which bears that name; whence it is that… the Grecian historiographers mention (Africa) by the appellation of Phut”. Put, then, is the father of the west and central Africans, where the true [Black people] live today. The Egyptians called the region of the Sudan (which was south of Egypt) by the name of Pet. The Babylonians and Persians called a similar region “Putu”.
Notice, however, that Put is named before Canaan in the tenth chapter of Genesis and in I Chronicles 1. Put was originally settled just south of Asia Minor, between Mizraim and the city of Hamath of the Canaanites. From this region Phut spread west and south to Africa, and also east! Numerous sons of Put early settled into the western region of Mesopotamia, a few hundred miles from ancient Babylon.This is the original center of Hindi, the language of northern and central India.
This is the same region that some of the sons of Abraham and Keturah settled.
The people who were settled in this region were uprooted by the Assyrians and driven east into India. In India the highest castes were not only called Brahmins, but also Rajputs. The word “Rajput” means “king or chief of Put.” The Indians of Central and North India – being slightly mixed with white stock – vary from light to dark brown. The Rajputs are the most noted warriors of India. The word “Phut” or “Put” means a warrior in Hebrew.
The word Phut is not properly translated “Libya” in Ezekiel 38:5. It should be translated Put or Phut, as given in the margin. The people of Phut are those of India. Of the four sons of Ham, only Cush bears a name which means “black”. Just as some of the sons of Cush are brown, so some of the children of Phut mutated racially into black. But this is not all of the story. What is the origin of all the black people of the Isles of Southeast Asia and Australia?’
Derek walker – emphasis & bold mine:
‘Both Gesenius… and Brown… identify Put as Libya. The first settlement of Put was called Libya by the ancient historians Josephus and Pliny. The Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, called the Septuagint, translates Put as Libya in about 165 BC. Biblically, Put (or Putt) is the region west of Egypt. This is the nation of Libya. Most modern scholars agree with this interpretation. The descendants of Put migrated to the land west of Egypt and became the source of the North African Arab nations, such as Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.’
The political state of Libya, has a population of 7,098,666 people. Whereas Phut is prophesied as a growing economic and military power. North African Libya is not ideally placed to fulfil the Bible verses ascribed to it. Nor is it near Cush, that we have identified as principally India. The exact same issues with ascribing ‘Ethiopia’ or Kush to the African state of Ethiopia are mirrored in attributing ‘Libya’ or Put to the African state of Libya. Aside from all three being sons of Ham, both Phut and Cush have nothing to do with the Africans; in that the Black peoples are descended from Canaan, not Phut or Cush. The meaning of Phut aside from Hoeh’s definition of ‘warrior’ is unclear, though may mean a ‘gift’, from the verb put, ‘to give’.
Abarim Publications – empahsis mine:
‘This name is spelled the same as the verb put, to give… There is nothing in Hebrew that looks like this name. If this name indeed derives from the Egyptian verb put, it would mean Gift… Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names… reads Extension. NOBSE Study Bible Name List reads Foreign Archers…’
The Book of Jasher 7:12 provides names for Phut’s sons:
And the sons of Phut were Gebul, Hadan, Benah and Adan.
The name Pakistan – in Urdu and Persian – means a land abounding in the pure and a land in which the pure abound. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan has the fifth highest population in the world, with 231,531,645 people and the second largest Muslim population after Indonesia. It is ranked among the emerging and growth leading N-11 economies of the world. ‘Pakistan’s political history since independence has been characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with India.’
Pakistan has the sixth largest standing armed forces in the world. ‘The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations and regularly export military equipment and technology transfer to Pakistan.Joint logistics and major war games are occasionally carried out by the militaries of China and Turkey.’
‘Urdu, the lingua franca and a symbol of Muslim identity and national unity is the national language understood by over 75% of Pakistanis. It is the main medium of communication in the country; yet the primary language of only 7% of Pakistan’s population.’Urdu and English are the recognised official languages of Pakistan; even though Punjabi is the most common language, being the first language for 40% of Pakistan’s population.
Pakistan’s principle exports:
‘The following export product groups categorize the highest dollar value in Pakistani global shipments during 2021.
Knit or crochet clothing, accessories: $4.5 billion
Cotton: $3.4 billion
Clothing, accessories (not knit or crochet): $3.4 billion
Cereals: $2.3 billion
Copper: $818.3 million
Leather/animal gut articles: $697.6 million
Fruits, nuts: $492.9 million
Salt, sulphur, stone, cement: $484.7 million
Optical, technical, medical apparatus: $437 million
Copper was the fastest grower among Pakistan’s top 10 export categories, up by 87.9% from 2020 to 2021. In second place for improving export sales was knitted or crocheted clothing and accessories via a 46.8% gain.’
Jeremiah 46:9
English Standard Version
Advance, O horses, and rage, O chariots! Let the warriors go out: men of Cush [India] and Put [Pakistan] who handle the shield, men of Lud, skilled in handling the bow.
Cush and Phut historically have been closely tied, similar to Magog, Tubal and Meshech [refer Chapter X China: Magog, Tubal & Meshech]. Cush and Phut, though often mentioned together; give no scriptural clue that they are one people in similar fashion to China, with three brothers within its borders. Therefore, it is fascinating that they were one amalgamated people for so many centuries; with the fundamental difference being religion as the key in their separation and partition.
In this regard, Pakistan has closer ties to its fellow Arab Muslim world. Note Ezekiel 38:5 ESV:
Persia [Turkey] , Cush [India], and Put [Pakistan] are with them, all of them with shield and helmet…
We have just read about Pakistan’s relationship with Turkey and China in connection with military technology and manoeuvres. The future military alliance with China, includes Pakistan with other key Islamic States, such as Turkey and Iran. In Daniel eleven and the prophecy involving successive Kings of the North and South throughout history, a future King of the North retaliates to an attack by the King of the South and subsequently subjugates Egypt, Cush and Phut, verse 43 ESV:
He [the King of the North] shall become ruler of the treasures of gold and of silver, and all the precious things of Egypt [Mizra], and theLibyansand theCushites shall follow in his train.
Ezekiel 27:10
New English Translation
Men of Persia [Turkey] , Lud, and Put [H6316 – Puwt: meaning: a bow] were in your army, men of war. They hung shield and helmet on you; they gave you your splendor.
2 Chronicles 16:8
New English Translation
Did not the Cushites and Libyans [H3864 – meaning: empty hearted, afflicted] have ahugearmywith chariots anda very large numberof horsemen?
Recall 2 Chronicles 12:3, which we looked at earlier. It also says Libyan or Lubim instead of Phut.
There are a couple of verses regarding Phut, which appear to state them twice. They are distinct and different terms, describing similar people.
Nahum 3:9
New English Translation
Cush and Egypt had limitless strength; Put [H6316]and the Libyans[Lubim H3864] were among her allies.
Ezekiel 30:5
New King James Version
“Ethiopia [Cush], Libya[Phut], Lydia, all the mingled people, Chub[H3552 Lehab], and the men of the lands who are allied, shall fall with them by the sword.”
We will delve into this more fully in the next chapter; for now though, the Lub-im or Lehab [H3853] are similarly related peoples descended from a different son of Ham , who have intermingled with Phut of Pakistan. We have seen the difficulty in defining a meaning for Phut. Not so for Lehab [H3853] – mentioned in the Genesis ten and 1 Chronicles table of nations – which in Hebrew means: ‘Flames, flaming’ from the noun lahab, ‘flame.’
Abarim Publications – emphasis & bold mine:
‘The unused verb (lahab) probably meant to flame or burn. Nouns (lahab) and (lehaba) mean flame, but also denoted the blade or a sword or tip of a spear. For a meaning of the name Lehabim, NOBSE Study Bible Name List reads Flaming. Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names has Flames, or more interpretative, Scorching Heat. There is, of course, no telling why [they] were named or known as such… perhaps they… were arms dealers [many a true word spoken in jest].’
In keeping with the definition of Lehab, Pakistan is a zealous Islamic nation; supportive of terrorism and with a militaristic bias, that will intensify in the future.
Pakistani man and woman
Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages, multiple authors, 1999 – emphasis & bold mine:
‘About a fifth of the human gene pool belongs largely either to Indo-European or Dravidic speaking people inhabiting the Indian peninsula. The ‘Caucasoid share’ in their gene pool is thought to be related predominantly to the Indo-European speakers.
A commonly held hypothesis, albeit not the only one, suggests a massive Indo-Aryan invasion to India some 4,000 years ago. Recent limited analysis of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Indian populations has been interpreted as supporting this concept. Here, this interpretation is questioned. We found an extensive deep late Pleistocene genetic link between contemporary Europeans and Indians, provided by the mtDNA haplogroup U, which encompasses roughly a fifth of mtDNA lineages of both populations. Our estimate for this split is close to the suggested time for the peopling of Asia and the first expansion of anatomically modern humans in Eurasia and likely pre-dates their spread to Europe. Only a small fraction of the‘Caucasoid-specific’mtDNA lineages found in Indian populations can be ascribed to a relatively recent admixture.
The diagram is an outline of this Indian mtDNA tree within the background of the previously defined global mtDNA lineage clusters (haplogroups)… all of the Indian mtDNA lineages we inferred can be seen as deriving from the African mtDNA lineage cluster L3a… We found that more than 80% of the Indian mtDNA lineages belong to either Asian-specific haplogroup M (60.4%) or western-Eurasian-specific haplogroups H, I, J, K, U and W (20.5%), while the remaining 19.1% of lineages do not belong to any of the previously established mtDNA haplogroups. We note that haplogroup K should now be considered a sub-cluster of haplogroup U’
‘The skeleton network of Indian lineage clusters on the background of continent-specific mtDNA haplogroups.Red, Indians; green, western Eurasians; yellow, eastern Eurasians; blue, Africans. Haplogroup frequencies are proportional to node sizes.
All Indian, eastern-Eurasian and western-Eurasian mtDNA lineages coalesce finally to the African node L3a. The former are shown magnified to account for higher mtDNA diversity in sub-Saharan Africans. The most likely root of the tree is indicated within a pan-African cluster L1. The dashed line leading from the African external node L3a to the Eurasian mtDNA varieties identifies the position of L3a in the magnified part of the tree.
The first and the most profound layer of overlap between the western-Eurasian and the Indian mtDNA lineages relates to haplogroup U, a complex mtDNA lineage cluster with an estimated age of 51,000 – 67,000 years. Until now, this haplogroup has not been reported to occur in India nor east of India and was considered a western-Eurasian-specific haplogroup. Surprisingly, we found that haplogroup U is the second most frequent haplogroup in India as it is in Europe. Nevertheless, the spread of haplogroup U subclusters in Europe and India differs profoundly. The dominant subcluster in India is U2.Although rare in Europe, the South-Asian form differs from the western-Eurasian one: western-Eurasian U2 includes a further characteristic transversion at nucleotide position (np) 16,129, which is absent in Indian U2 varieties. We calculated the coalescence age essentially as described in and estimate the split between the Indian and western-Eurasian U2 lineages as 53,000 ± 4,000 years before present (BP).
We note that U5, the most frequent and ancient subcluster of haplogroup U in Europe, has an almost identical coalescence age estimate. Still, despite their equally deep time depth, the Indian U2 has not penetrated western Eurasia, and the European U5 has almost not reached India.’
This proves that the Indian of the north and south with mtDNA Haplogroup U2, is not Indo-European or Aryan – with U5 – but a specific, separate people who have descended from Ham not Shem, though they share a common paternal ancestor in Noah and a maternal ancestor in their mother, Emzara.
‘Reconstruction of haplogroup U lineages found in India. Green bold lines, the background of previously characterized haplogroup U lineages from western Eurasia; red lines, lineages and haplotypes found only in India;pink nodes, Dravidic speakers[south]; blue nodes, Hindi speakers [north].
Subcluster U7 is another variety of haplogroup U present in India. Unlike the Indian U2, it has been sampled, albeit rarely, in southern Europe, the Near East and (according to HVR I sequence identification only) also in Central Asia. We calculated the coalescence age of this subcluster in India as… considerably younger than that for U2.
Typical western-Eurasian mtDNA lineages found in India belong to haplogroups H, I, J, T, X and to subclusters U1, U4, U5 and K of haplogroup U. Frequencies of these lineages in Indian populations are more than an order of magnitude lower than in Europe: 5.2% versus 70%, respectively. This finding might be explained by gene flow… Nevertheless, we note that the frequency of these mtDNA haplogroups reveals neither a strong north-south, nor language-based gradient: they are found both among Hindi speakers from Uttar Pradesh (6%) and Dravidians of Andhra Pradesh (4%).
Assuming that they are largely of western-Eurasian origin, we may ask when their spread in India started.To assign a tentative date for their introduction, we calculated the averaged minimal distance of the corresponding mtDNA hypervariable region sequences in Indians from the branches shared with western Eurasians. We obtained a value for the statistic ρ equal to 0.46, consistent with a divergence time of 9,300 ± 3,000 years BP [the epoch of the flood and the subsequent re-populating of the Earth].
This is an average over an unknown number of various founders and, therefore, does not tell us whether there were one or many migration waves, or whether there was a continuous long-lasting gradual admixture. Their low frequency but still general spread all over India plus the estimated time scale, does not support a recent massive Indo-Aryan invasion, at least as far as maternally inherited genetic lineages are concerned. We note, however, that within an error margin this time estimate is consistent with the arrival to India of cereals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent.Furthermore, the spread of these western-Eurasian-specific mtDNA clusters also among Dravidic-speaking populations of India lends credence to the suggested linguistic connection between Elamite [Indo-Iranian] and Dravidic populations.
Thus, we have shown that the overwhelming majority [but not all] of the so-called western-Eurasian-specific mtDNA lineages in Indian populations, estimated here to be carried by more than a hundred million contemporary Indians, belong in fact to an Indian-specific variety of haplogroup U of a late Pleistocene origin. The latter exhibits a direct common phylogenetic origin with its sister groups found in western Eurasia, but it should not be interpreted in terms of a recent admixture of western Caucasoids with Indians caused by a putative Indo-Aryan invasion 3,000–4,000 years BP.From the deep time depth of the split between the predominant Indian and European haplogroup U varieties, it could be speculated that haplogroup U arose in neither of the two regions. This split could have already happened in Africa, for example, in Ethiopia, where haplogroup U was recently described.’
Not Africa, but rather back to when Ham and Shem were born circa 11,837 BCE and received the split or alternate U Haplogroup from their mother, Emzara.
‘Although there is no strong evidence yet for the presence of anatomically modern humans in India before 35,000-40,000 years ago, the earliest estimates of the presence of modern humans in Australia make it very likely that the subcontinent served as a pathway for east-ward migration of modern humans somewhat earlier and that it could have been inhabited by them en route, as suggested by the ‘Southern Route’ hypothesis. Our coalescence age estimate for the mtDNA sub-cluster U2 overlaps not only with the corresponding value for the European U5, but with the suggested coalescence age of the Indian-specific subset of the predominantly Asian haplogroup M lineages as well.
Taken together, these data suggest that a common denominator – most likely beneficial climate conditions [post last glacial maximum] – led to the expansion of populations all over Eurasia [post-flood], including the ancestors [Ham’s wife and Cush’s wife] of those who now encompass most of the mtDNA genome pool of the extant Indians.
Furthermore, this specific distribution of mtDNA varieties in India compared with the distribution observed among Mongoloids and the Caucasoid populations of western Eurasia is, at present, best explained by two separate late Pleistocene migrations of modern humans to India. One of them, possibly arriving by the southern route, brought to India an ancestral population carrying haplogroup M and was spread further eastward. The second migration brought the ancestors of haplogroup U.
Although the admixture of these major waves started perhaps very early – explaining the spread of these major mtDNA varieties all over the subcontinent – it is likely that it happened after the carriers of haplogroup M found their way further east, explaining the absence of haplogroup U lineages among Mongoloid populations studied so far.’
This conclusion is based on evolution and the ‘out of Africa’ theory; whereas the reality lay with the off the Ark scenario; in that both Ham and Shem’s wives carried the M super-Haplogroup that later mutated into the sub-super Haplogroup R. Meaning, both carried the relevant specific mtDNA U Haplogroups for their respective lines. Since Ham and Shem were born at the same time – possibly being Triplets – and likely married wives with similar birthdates, their corresponding U Haplogroups of U2, U7 and U5 respectively are of course, a similar age.
The main mtDNA Haplogroups in India include:
M 51% – U 19% – R 12% – H 5% – HV 3% – W 3% – N 2%
plus C F K J T A D L2 B I L0 L1 and X which less than 1%
The Lambadis nomads of India carry the highest levels of Y-DNA R1b and their mtDNA Haplogroups percentages are:
M 64% – R 13% – U 12%
H V T J N X K and W comprise 8%.
The Sri Lankan mtDNA Haplogroups:
M 58% – U 18% – R 14% and H to W 8%.
The Bengali in Bangladesh, mtDNA Haplogroups:
M 67% – U 13% – R 9% and H to W 6%.
M U R
India 51 19 12
Lambadis 64 12 13
Sri Lanka 58 18 14
Bangladesh 67 13 9
The M macro-Haplogroup in India includes many subgroups, ‘that differ profoundly from other sublineages in East Asia…’ as well as Central Asia. This is because these peoples are descended from Japheth as we have studied, whereas the Indians and related peoples, are descended from Ham. Subgroup M2, including M2a and M2b, is lower in the north of India and higher in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. M3a is highest in northwestern India. M4a peaks in Pakistan and Kashmir. M6a and M6b are found in Kashmir, the Bay of Bengal and Sri Lanka. M18 is found throughout South Asia, whereas M25 is less frequent.
R2 is common throughout the sub-continent and R5 as well, peaking in the southwest of India. R6 is widespread at low rates across India, peaking among Tamils and Kashmiris. Related group W, is found in the northwest of India, peaking in the Punjab and Kashmir. U2 is sparsely distributed, particularly in the northern half of India; though it is found in southwest Arabia. U2a has high density in both Pakistan and northwest India. U2b is found in Sri Lanka and also Oman, as is U2i. U2c is prominent in Bangladesh and West Bengal in India. U7 is significant in Pakistan and the Punjab, with its highest presence in near neighbour Iran.
Indian man and woman
Retina, Y Haplogroups, Fifth Edition, 2013, M Cristina Kenney & Nitin Udar – emphasis & bold mine:
‘Clade C was found in Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia… C2 [now C1b2a M38] is found in New Guinea, Melanesia… C4 [now C1b2b M347] appears to be restricted among aboriginal Australians and is dominant in that population. C5 [now C1b1a1 M356] has a significant presence in India.
Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent…
Until now, haplogroup H has not been well studied, members of this haplogroup were mainly found in theIndian continent…
Haplogroup L is found mainly in India and Pakistan,as well as in the Middle Eastand, very occasionally, in Europe, particularly in Mediterranean countries…
The highest frequencies of haplogroup Mare shown in Melanesia, being restricted to the geographical distribution of Papuan languages…
The P clade is the parent of haplogroupsQ and R, and is rarely found. It has been detected at low frequencies inthe Caucasus and India…’
The major South Asian and Indian Y-DNA Haplogroups are R1a, H, L, R2 and J2. According to studies undertaken between 2003 and 2010, R1a-Z93 as shown below, is prevalent throughout Central, Southern and West Asia; meaning it is shared by Japheth’s descendants from Madai, the Hamitic peoples of India as well as the Persians of Iran.
R2 on the other hand is restricted to Southern Asia.
Haplogroup L is found in India and further west, to include the Near and Middle East; and similarly for J2.
Haplogroup H is the one Haplogroup that is nearly entirely restricted to South Asia and particularly indicative of India. Y-DNA Haplogroup H is found at a high frequency, as the major indigenous paternal lineage and a defining marker Haplogroup for Indians. It is rarely found outside of South Asia, with some found in southeastern Europe and the Arabs of the Levant. All three branches of H are found in South Asia. Haplogroup H is found extensively in South India at approximately 28% and in North India at approximately 25%, showing their common heritage as the sons of Raamah. While in Pakistan, it is the reverse and is tellingly, much less frequent.
Haplogroup J is present in South Asia as J2a-M410 and J2b-M102. Overall, it is found in higher percentages in Pakistan than India; giving it some commonality with the Arab nations to its west. Haplogroup L is far more frequent in the south of India compared to the north, with rates of up to 68% in Karnataka as opposed to 2 to 7% in northern India. Overall, Pakistan nationally, has slightly less Haplogroup L than India.
Haplogroup O1b [O-K18 from M248] is somewhat mysterious as it is heavily associated with the East and Southeast Asians as we have learned in preceding chapters, yet it is found at varying frequencies in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh for instance. Recall, the Melanesians also exhibit O1 which is believed to have derived from admixture with the Polynesian [refer Chapter VII Javan: Archipelago South East Asia & Polynesia]. Observe the sharp divide between Haplogroup of R1 of Central and South Asia with Haplogroup O in Eastern and South East Asia.
R1a is thought to have originated circa 25,000 years ago – though more likely, half the number to 13,000 ya – with its sub-clade M417 or M198 diversifying circa 6000 ya, with a distribution of its sub-clades R-Z282 and R-Z280 in Central and Eastern Europe and R1a-Z93’s sub-Haplogroup M750 being exclusive of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. As this Haplogroup is found in Occidental and Oriental Eurasia as well as South Asia, it is a topic of much debate as to its origin geographically.
This is a blind, as the premise is based on evolutionary migration from Africa and or Australia; rather than a post-diluvian migration from the Indus Valley region and later Mesopotamia and Arabia.
Thus, the simple answer is that at least two sons of Noah carried the Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a; with Japheth’s children either inheriting or receiving R1a by admixture [refer Chapter III Central Asia – Madai & the Medes]. R2 and R2a are common Haplogroups in South Asia with at least 90% of R-M124 found in the region. R1 or M173 and R* or M207, are found in Bali, Indonesia. The specific eastern European branch of R1a is R-M458.
A recent genetic study by Yelmen et al. in 2019, shows that modern South Asian populations are close to each other and quite distinct from populations outside of South Asia or the lands of Cush. Analysis performed by Mondal in 2017, concluded that closest neighbour studies revealed that Indian Y-DNA paternal lineages are close to southern European populations and that ‘European-related ancestry in Indian populations might be much older and more complex than anticipated, and might originate from the first wave of agriculturists or even earlier.’
This finding supports the lines of Shem and Cush intermixing as we have learned. The relationships of Moses and King Solomon validate this in the least and a greater numeric and past influence from migrations and admixture at the most. The exact when and where this happened, may be found to run contrary to the current Aryan invasion circa 2000 BCE theory.
A major 2009 study by Reich, used 500,000 biallelic autosomal markers; hypothesizing ‘that the modern South Asian population was the result of admixture between two genetically divergent ancestral populations… These two “reconstructed” ancient populations he termed “Ancestral South Indians” (ASI) and “Ancestral North Indians” (ANI).’ Reich stated: “ANI ancestry is significantly higher in Indo-European than Dravidian speakers, suggesting that the ancestral ASI may have spoken a Dravidian language before mixing with the ANI.’’ Both the ANI and ASI ancestry is distributed all across the subcontinent in varying degrees, with “ANI ancestry [ranging] from 39-71% in India, and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers.”
Two studies based on autosomal markers – by Watkins in 2005 2005 and Kivislid in 2003 – concluded that ‘Indian caste and tribal populations have a common ancestry.’ A 2004 study by Viswanathan et al. on ‘genetic structure and affinities among tribal populations of southern India concludes:’ “Genetic differentiation was high and genetic distances were not significantly correlated with geographic distances. Genetic drift therefore probably played a significant role in shaping the patterns of genetic variation observed in southern Indian tribal populations.
Otherwise, analyses of population relationships showed that all Indian and South Asian populations are still similar to one another, regardless of phenotypic [genetic and environmental] characteristics, and do not show any particular affinities to Africans. We conclude that the phenotypic similarities of some Indian groups to Africans do not reflect a close relationship between these groups, but are better explained by convergence.”
The matter of the African being descended from Canaan and the Indian from Cush means they are brothers, from the same father, Ham. Granted, their respective Haplogroups bear little resemblance. Though, we will find that as Cush and Phut are similar siblings, Ham’s remaining son Mizra, possesses Haplogroups that bridge the gap between Canaan, Cush and Phut. Thus, the family link may not be just attributable to convergence as stated, but really is influenced by their genetic link as brothers. Likewise, the Southern and Northern Indians are similar as brothers as their shared Haplogroups indicate. We cannot know how they differed exactly, though it is clear that European admixture has altered the Haplogroup percentages for the Northern Indian, even if only subtly, as we will see.
Less frequent Haplogroups found in Indians include: T, F, P, C, R1b, G, E1b1a and Q. Indians in the United Kingdom have also exhibited, E1b1b and J1.
Afghanistan’s Y-DNA Haplogroups are represented by its majority group the Pashtun, comprising some 40% of the population. Overall, Afghanistan has more in common with Pakistan than India, or the other nations of South Asia. The mysterious Sukkim do not have a sequence close to any of Cush’s sons, apart from one. In Pakistan, the Punjabs comprise 50% of the population and the Pashtuns 15%. The Punjabs of India are located in the northwest of the country and account for approximately twenty million people.
Jammu and Kashmir Haplogroups are based on the Indian Gujars; who comprise 20 to 30% of the population. The southern Indians, or Dravidians comprise 25% of India’s population – of which, the two largest groups are the Telugus and the Tamils, with approximately eighty million people each. The Nepalese Haplogroups are based on the Terai Hindus.
Afghanistan: R1a – Q – L – H – G – J – R2 – C
Jammu & Kashmir: R1a – L – H – R2 – K – J – F – R1 – Q – C
Nepal: R1a – C – H – J – R2
Afghanistan: R1a [51%] – Q [18.4%] – L [12.2%] – H [6.1%] –
G [6.1%] – J [2%] – R2 [2%] – C [2%]
Kashmir Gujars: R1a [40.9%] – L [16.3%] – H [10.2%] – R2 [8.2%] –
K [8.2%] – J [6.1%] – F [4%] – R1 [2%] – Q [2%] – C [2%]
Nepal: R1a [69.2%] – C [11.5%] – H [3.8%] – J [3.8%] – R2 [3.8%]
The Nepalese Hindus as Sabtah, show the influence of Central and East Asia with a higher percentage of C. Aside from Haplogroup Q, Afghanistan as the Sukkim and Kashmir as Sabteca, are more closely aligned in the key Cushite Haplogroups of R1a, H and L than any other people in the region – with the exception of Pakistan.
Bangladesh: H – R1a – J – R2 – C – L – G – Q
Dravidian: H – R1a – J – L – F – R2 – G – C – Q – R1b
Southern India: H – R1a – R2 – J – L – T – F – C – P – R1b
Sri Lanka: R1a – L – H – J – R2 – F – P – K
Eastern India: R1a – H – R2 – J – T – F – P – L – C
Dravidians: H [32.9%] – R1a [26.7%] – J [19.7%] – L [11.6%] –
F [9.3%] – R2 [ 6.2%] – G [ 2.3%] – C [1.7%] – Q [0.3%] – R1b [0.3%]
S India: H [27.5%] – R1a [26.7%] – R2 [21.5%] – J [19.7%] –
L [10.8%] – T [5.1%] – F [4%] – C [1.9%] – P [1.6%] – R1b [0.3%]
Sri Lanka: R1a [27%] – L [19%] – H [15%] – J [14%] –
R2 [ 12%] – F [9%] – P [3%] – K [1%]
E India: R1a [23.2%] – H [19.3%] – R2 [15.5%] – J [4.1%] –
T [3.8%] – F [2.7%] – P [2.7%] – L [1.9%] – C [o.8%]
The Bangladeshi Y-DNA Haplogroups are based on the Bangladesh Bengalis. We can see the identities of Havilah, Dedan and Seba are more aligned to each other than to the first group of Sukki, Sabtah and Sabteca. As we will find repeatedly, some peoples have a closer Haplogroup sequence affinity with a cousin than a brother, who may also be somewhat removed geographically. Hence, one would expect Bangladesh and Eastern India to have more in common – or Eastern India with Southern India for a comparison – as Sri Lanka and the Dravidian of southern India; but as can be seen, it is in fact Eastern India and Sri Lanka that align more closely.
There is a relative resemblance between Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and the Dravidian Indians inhabiting Southern and Eastern India. All three peoples are generally the darker skinned peoples of Cush. Hence, little surprise that the northern Indians – 72% of India’s population – possess a contrasting Haplogroup footprint compared to these three.
Northern India: R1a – H – R2 – J – L – F – G – R1b
Indian Upper Castes: R1a – H – L – J – R2 – F – P – C – R1b
India Punjab: R1a – J – L – R1b – H – R2 – C
Lambadi: R1b – C – L – H – R1a – J – F – P
North India: R1a [48.9%] – H [24.5%] – R2 [11.1%] – J [7.8%] –
L [1.7%] – F [1.1%] – G [0.6%] – R1b [0.6%]
Upper Castes: R1a [30.5%] – H [23.3%] – L [11.4%] – J [10%] –
R2 [9%] – F [1.9%] – P [1.9%] – C [0.9%] – R1b [0.5%]
Lambadis: R1b [37.1%] – C [17.1%] – L [17.1%] – H [8.6%] –
R1a [8.6%] – J [5.7%] – F [2.9%] – P [2.9%]
A comparison of the Haplogroup sequences for the northern Indian, the Upper Castes, the Punjab and the Lombadis. Apart from the Lombadi Nomads and their anomaly of high frequency R1b, the highest levels of R1b in India are in the Punjab. This could be a hint at the lines that have entered amongst others, from people like the priestly line of Moses and a royal line from King Solomon. The Upper Castes overall, have a trace of R1b at 0.5%, as does northern India as a whole.
As R1b is indicative of a western European line of descent, this information alerts us to the fact that any link to the tribes of Judah and Levi – and by implication, other sons as well as relatives of Jacob – will point to them being found today, dwelling in Western Europe.
The average percentages for Y-DNA Haplogroups for the vast nation of India and its myriad peoples.
India: R1a – H – O2 – L – R2 – J2 – T1 – F – P – C – R1b – G
India: R1a [28.3%] – H [23%] – L [17.5%] – R2 [ 9.3%] – J2 [9.1%] –
T [3.1%] – F [3%] – P [2.7%] – C [1.4%] – R1b [0.5%] –
G [0.1%] – Q [0.4%]
Strains of R1a and J2 are found extensively outside of India and its related neighbours. Haplogroups L and R2 though found outside of South Asia, are still predominant in the Indian sub-Continent. These four Haplogroups are all marker Haplogroups for India; yet, it is Haplogroup H which is the defining marker Haplogroup for the Indian and related peoples.
The Punjabi have a percentage of 8% for R1b. The Punjabi in Pakistan by comparison, do not have any R1b. If Pakistan was a son of Cush and not Phut, one would expect to find evidence of R1b, as it is even found in the Dravidian. Interestingly, the Pathans – originally Pashtuns from Afghanistan who are refugees in the Punjab region of Pakistan – comprising 15% of the population, have a similar percentage of R1b with the Punjabs of India.
Pathans Pakistan: R1a – H – L – R2 – G – R1b – Q – R – C
Pathans Pakistan: R1a [38.1%] – H [14.3%] – L [9.5%] – R2 [9.5%] –
G [9.5%] – R1b [9.5%] – Q [9.5%] – R [4.8%] – C [4.8%]
Recall, we looked at the noticeable difference between the Indo-European Indians of the north and the Dravidian Indians of the south. Whether it be physical characteristics, skin tone, culture and so forth, they appear too different to be the full brothers, Sheba and Dedan from Raamah their father.
Yet, we learned that they are related and their Haplogroup sequencing supports this premise. The higher level in northern India’s R1a, possibly a result from intermixing, as well as a corresponding lower level in R2, J and L. The Northern Indians retain similar levels of H with the south of India – the very Haplogroup which is unique to the Cushite peoples of South Asia.
Pakistan Pashtun: R1a [44.8%] – L [12.5%] – G [11.5%] – J [6.2%] –
Q [5.2%] – H [4.2%] – F [2.1%] – T [1%]
Comparing the Punjab of Pakistan and India and also the Pashtun of Pakistan and Afghanistan, we find that they are related, but; even though they have the same name, they are clearly not the same peoples. The Punjabis who left India for Pakistan are descended from Phut and not from Cush. The lack of any R1b and far less frequency of Haplogroup H, reflect a different lineage; as does the difference in Haplopgroup G between say Pakistan and India.
Afghanistan: R1a [51%] – Q [18.4%] – L [12.2%] – H [6.1%] – G [6.1%] –
J [2%] – R2 [2%] – C [2%]
Pakistan Pashtun: R1a [44.8%] – L [12.5%] – G [11.5%] – J [6.2%] –
Q [5.2%] – H [4.2%] – F [2.1%] – T [1%]
Comparing Pakistan with India, highlights the fact that rather than being another descendant nation of Cush; Pakistan is descended from Phut. Their Haplogroup sequencing and percentages does not match the five main regions of Cush’s people: India, Jammu and Kashmir, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and in Nepal.
Pakistan: R1a – J – L – R2 – G – H – Q – C
India: R1a – H – L – R2 – J2 – T – F – P – C – R1b – G – Q
Pakistan: R1a [37.1%] – J [20.2%] – L [11.6%] – R2 [7.8%] – H [6.2%] –
G [6.2%] – Q [3.4%] – C [3%]
India: R1a [28.3%] – H [23%] – L [17.5%] – R2 [ 9.3%] – J2 [9.1%] –
T [3.1%] – F [3%] – P [2.7%] – C [1.4%] – R1b [0.5%] – G [0.1%] – Q [0.4%]
The obvious difference between these two great peoples is India’s higher levels of defining Haplogroup H and Pakistan’s higher levels of Haplogroup J. The higher percentage of J will be investigated in the following chapter.
A comparison table of the principle Y-DNA marker Haplogroups for the peoples of South Asia.
H R1a R2 L J
Afghanistan 6 51 2 12 2
Pakistan 6 37 8 12 20
Sri Lanka 15 27 12 19 14
India 23 28 9 18 9
Bangladesh 36 21 7 5 12
Aside from the Sukki of Afghanistan, Pakistan does not fit neatly with the rest of South Asia. Instead, Pakistan as Phut is in contrast with the descendants of Cush and though admixture has occurred between the two, Pakistan leans towards West Asia. The clues being the difference in Haplogroups H, R1a and J.
It is interesting to note that as Haplogroup H increases in these nations, the corresponding level of R1a decreases. There is also a preponderance of words beginning with the letter P: Pathan, Pashtun, Punjab, Pakistan and Phut.
Recall, that there appears to be two Libyas in scripture. We will study the Lubim in the next chapter and find they are actually part of the Pakistan nation. The clue is the prominent Haplogroup J and to a lesser degree, G.
We will discover in the next section that the J and G Haplogroups are found liberally in those people of Arabic descent to the west. The sons of Cush exhibit these two Haplogroups because they are related peoples descended from Ham. The fact that Pakistan has them at higher frequencies, is due to an Arabic admixture within the peoples of Phut.
Proverbs 9:9 New Century Version
Teach the wise, and they will become even wiser; teach good people, and they will learn even more.
“Majority wins, but majority is not necessarily right and sometimes majority is awfully wrong.”
Amit Kalantri
“The public will believe anything, so long as it is not founded on truth.”
The Lighthouse 